We can't find the internet
Attempting to reconnect
Something went wrong!
Hang in there while we get back on track
Insights into the toxic effects of micro-nano-plastics on the human brain and their relationship with the onset of neurological diseases: A narrative review.
Summary
This review examined toxic effects of micro and nano-plastics (MNPs) on the human brain, linking MNP exposure to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and progression toward neurodegenerative diseases. The authors synthesized evidence from cell studies, animal models, and emerging human data.
The intensive production and use of plastics, poor biodegradability and inadequate recycling have caused excessive and alarming environmental pollution. This has led to the inevitable intake by humans, through different routes, of small plastic particles, the micro and nano-plastics (MNPs) with sizes ranging from nanometers (<1000 nm) to micrometers (from 5 mm to 1 µm). MNPs can cause harmful effects in human tissues and organs, contributing to the early onset of aging and various age-related diseases. A growing body of evidence supports this toxic role of MNPs. In this regard, it has been shown that their different chemical and physical properties, including different chemical composition with different additives, different size, shape, solubility and ability to interact with metals and microbial agents, as well as the duration of multiple exposures, modulate their toxic action. In the brain, as documented mainly by studies conducted on brain tissues of deceased individuals, nanosized nanoparticles (NPs) of mostly 50 nm or smaller, made of polyethylene, bioaccumulate, causing damage. The mechanisms involved do not seem to be fully understood. However, studies on animal models and human cell cultures using plastic particles made of synthetic polystyrene, of slightly larger dimensions, partially clarify this aspect. They demonstrated that these particles have the unique ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and evoke neurotoxicity, through the activation of pathways that determine oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, altered synthesis of neurotransmitters, endocrine molecules and key enzymes related to nerve conduction, and able to influence the gut-brain axis. Despite the paucity of studies conducted directly in humans, this review collects a growing body of evidence demonstrating that exposure to MNPs, and essentially NPs, can damage neurons. This could lead to alterations in learning, memory and behaviour, and could evoke additional potential negative impacts, contributing to amplifying neuroinflammation and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Preventive approaches and measures to limit their use and human exposure, as well as potential therapeutic strategies, are also suggested.
Sign in to start a discussion.
More Papers Like This
Neurotoxicities induced by micro/nanoplastics: A review focusing on the risks of neurological diseases
This review summarizes evidence that micro- and nanoplastics can reach the brain through the bloodstream and nerve pathways, where they trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell damage that may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. The particles are found in air, water, soil, and food, meaning humans are constantly exposed through breathing, eating, and skin contact, making brain effects a serious long-term concern.
Micro-nanoplastics in the central nervous system: Evidence, mechanisms and perspectives
This review examines evidence that micro- and nanoplastics can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause neurotoxicity through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and disruption of neurotransmitter signaling. While clinical studies have confirmed the presence of plastic particles in human brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, the authors note that methodological limitations and inconsistent quality controls currently prevent establishing a definitive causal link to neurological conditions.
Elucidating the Neurotoxicopathological Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics: Mechanistic Insights Into Oxidative Stress-mediated Neurodegeneration and Implications for Public Health in a Plastic Pervasive Era
Researchers reviewed the growing evidence linking micro- and nanoplastic exposure to neurodegenerative diseases, identifying oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, DNA damage, and protein misfolding as key mechanisms of harm to the brain. The review highlights critical knowledge gaps — especially around chronic low-dose exposure — and calls for better detection tools and public health policies to address the emerging neurological threat from plastic pollution.
Microplastics/nanoplastics and neurological health: An overview of neurological defects and mechanisms
This review summarizes evidence that micro and nanoplastics can harm the nervous system, causing developmental abnormalities, brain cell death, neurological inflammation, and potentially contributing to neurodegenerative diseases. Animal studies show that these tiny plastics can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in brain tissue, where they trigger oxidative stress and disrupt normal brain function. While direct evidence in humans is still limited, the findings suggest that chronic microplastic exposure could be a risk factor for neurological health problems.
Brain under siege: the role of micro and nanoplastics in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress
This review examines emerging evidence that micro- and nanoplastics can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in nervous tissue, potentially triggering neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Researchers summarized findings showing these particles may act as neurotoxicants that contribute to synaptic dysfunction and pathological changes in brain cells. The study highlights the need for further research into how chronic plastic particle exposure may affect central nervous system health over time.