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mTOR Signaling Pathway and Gut Microbiota in Various Disorders: Mechanisms and Potential Drugs in Pharmacotherapy
Summary
This review summarizes how the mTOR signaling pathway, a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism, interacts with gut bacteria to influence a wide range of diseases. Disruptions to gut microbiota can trigger mTOR-related problems linked to cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory conditions. While not focused on microplastics directly, this pathway is relevant because microplastic exposure is known to disrupt gut bacteria and may contribute to mTOR-related health issues.
The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates multiple intracellular and extracellular upstream signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes in cells and plays a key regulatory role in cell growth and metabolism. The activation of the mTOR signaling pathway has been reported to be associated with a wide range of human diseases. A growing number of in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that gut microbes and their complex metabolites can regulate host metabolic and immune responses through the mTOR pathway and result in disorders of host physiological functions. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of gut microbes and mTOR in different diseases and discuss the crosstalk between gut microbes and their metabolites and mTOR in disorders in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, heart, and other organs. We also discuss the promising application of multiple potential drugs that can adjust the gut microbiota and mTOR signaling pathways. Despite the limited findings between gut microbes and mTOR, elucidating their relationship may provide new clues for the prevention and treatment of various diseases.
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