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Perfluorooctanoic Acid Promotes Recruitment and Exocytosis of Rodlet Cells in the Renal Hematopoietic Tissue of Common Carp
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Researchers investigated how sub-chronic exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) affects specialized immune cells called rodlet cells in the kidney tissue of common carp. The study found that PFOA exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations promoted the recruitment and release of these cells, suggesting they may serve as biomarkers for chemical stress in aquatic organisms.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) being a prominent member. PFOA poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to its presence in water, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation. Since rodlet cells (RCs) have emerged as potential biomarkers for chemical stressors, this study aimed to investigate the effects of sub-chronic PFOA exposure on RCs in the renal hematopoietic tissue of common carp. Three groups of fish were used: an unexposed control group and two groups exposed to environmentally relevant (200 ng L-1) and elevated (2 mg L-1) PFOA concentrations. Light and transmission electron microscopy were employed to assess RCs' distribution patterns and exocytosis, while biometry quantified RCs in the hematopoietic tissue. The results showed that, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, PFOA significantly influenced RCs' distribution patterns, leading to increased occurrence and cluster formation, as well as heightened exocytosis activity. This research highlights PFOA's immunotoxicity in fish and suggests the potential of RCs as sentinel cells in the immunological response to environmental contaminants. These findings enhance our understanding of PFAS toxicity and emphasise the importance of monitoring their impact on fish as representative vertebrates and reliable animal models.
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Rodlet Cell Morpho–Numerical Alterations as Key Biomarkers of Fish Responses to Toxicants and Environmental Stressors
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This review examines rodlet cells, specialized immune cells found in fish, as potential biomarkers for detecting environmental pollution including microplastics, heavy metals, and organic chemicals. Research shows these cells undergo consistent quantitative and qualitative changes in response to various toxicants, making them useful indicators of ecological health. The authors emphasize the need for more molecular-level research to fully understand how these cells function and their broader relevance within the One Health framework.
Bisphenol A Induces Histopathological, Hematobiochemical Alterations, Oxidative Stress, and Genotoxicity in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
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Researchers investigated the toxic effects of bisphenol A, a plastics-related endocrine disruptor, on common carp at different dose levels over 30 days. The study found dose-dependent reductions in blood cell counts, increased oxidative stress in the brain, liver, gills, and kidneys, and significant tissue damage, indicating that BPA exposure poses risks to aquatic organisms.
Toxic effects of sub-acute microplastic (polyamide) exposure on the accumulation, hematological, and antioxidant responses in crucian carp, Carassius carassius
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Researchers exposed crucian carp to various concentrations of polyamide microplastics for two weeks and found that the particles accumulated in the fish tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Higher concentrations caused significant changes in blood parameters including reduced red blood cell counts and altered antioxidant enzyme activity, indicating both physical stress and oxidative damage. The study identifies specific blood and enzyme markers that could serve as early warning indicators of microplastic exposure in freshwater fish.
Fluorescent Microplastic Uptake by Immune Cells of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.)
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Researchers exposed immune cells from the head kidney, spleen, and peripheral blood of Atlantic salmon to fluorescent polystyrene microplastics (1-5 µm) at environmental and elevated concentrations and measured uptake and cytotoxicity. They found that immune cells actively internalised microplastics in a size- and concentration-dependent manner, with uptake varying by cell type and organ, raising concern about impairment of immune function in fish exposed to small microplastics.
Haematological and Serum Biomarker Responses in Heteropneustes fossilis Exposed to Bisphenol A
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This study examined the toxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical found in plastics, on the blood and biochemistry of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis over 21 days. Sub-lethal BPA exposure caused anemia, immune disruption, and liver damage, highlighting that plastic-derived chemicals can significantly harm fish physiology at concentrations found in polluted water.
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