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Exploring the impact of antibiotics, microplastics, nanoparticles, and pesticides on zebrafish gut microbiomes: Insights into composition, interactions, and health implications
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This review summarizes how antibiotics, microplastics, nanoparticles, and pesticides each affect the gut microbiome of zebrafish, a widely used model for studying human health impacts. Researchers found that all four types of contaminants can significantly alter gut bacterial composition and disrupt metabolic and immune functions. The study highlights that combined exposures to multiple pollutants may have compounding effects on gut health that are more harmful than any single contaminant alone.
This review addresses the impact of various chemical entities like pesticides, antibiotics, nanoparticles and microplastic on gut microbiota of zebrafish. Gut microbiota plays a vital role in metabolic regulation in every organism. As majority of metabolic pathways coordinated by microbiota, small alterations associated with mild to serious outcomes. Because of their unstoppable usage in day-to-day life, the present-day research on gut microbiota is mostly comprising aforementioned chemicals. It is better to understand how gut microbiome is dysbiosed by various environmental factors, to keep our microbiota safe. We tried to delineate the natural flora of zebrafish gut microbiome and the metabolic and other pathways associated and what are the common flora that was dysbiosed during the treatment. Based on the existing literature, we reviewed pesticides like Imazalil, Difenoconazole, Chlorpyrifos, Metamifop, Carbendazim, Imidacloprid, Phoxim, Niclosamide, Dieldrin, and antibiotics like Oxytetracycline, Enrofloxacin, Florfenicol, Sulfamethoxazole, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Doxycycline, and in the category of nanoparticles, Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2), Abalone viscera hydrolysates decorated silver nanoparticles (AVH-AgNPs), Lead-halide perovskite nanoparticles (LHP NPs), Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and microplastic types like polyethylene and polystyrene microplastic. Other studies with miscellaneous chemical entities on zebrafish gut microbiome include Ferulic acid, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Cadmium, Disinfection by-products, Triclosan, microcystin-LR, Fluoride, and Amitriptyline.
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This review examines how freshwater pollutants—including pesticides, heavy metals, antibiotics, dyes, and microplastics—disrupt gut microbiome composition in zebrafish and other aquatic animals. It highlights the zebrafish model as a key tool for understanding pollutant-driven microbiome dysbiosis and its metabolic consequences.
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Zebrafish exposed to a combination of polystyrene microplastics and the pesticide cypermethrin showed more severe gut damage than from either pollutant alone, including loss of beneficial gut bacteria, growth of harmful microbes, and increased antibiotic resistance genes. This suggests that microplastics and pesticides together may disrupt gut health more than expected, which is relevant since humans encounter both pollutants through food and water.
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Tiny plastic particles in water can soak up antibiotics like a sponge, essentially hitching a ride into the guts of fish and disrupting their natural balance of gut bacteria. This matters because it shows microplastics aren't just passive pollution—they can act as delivery vehicles for other harmful chemicals, and since fish are part of our food chain and share similar gut biology to humans, this raises real questions about what combined pollution might be doing to our own health.
Combined effects of micro-/nano-plastics and oxytetracycline on the intestinal histopathology and microbiome in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
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Researchers studied the combined effects of micro- and nano-sized plastics with the antibiotic oxytetracycline on zebrafish intestines over 30 days. Nano-sized plastics caused more intestinal damage than micro-sized ones, and combined exposures altered gut bacterial communities and increased antibiotic resistance genes. The findings suggest that the co-occurrence of plastic particles and antibiotics in aquatic environments may have compounding negative effects on fish gut health.
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This review of 86 zebrafish studies found that most research on microplastics mixed with metals, pesticides, or antibiotics lacks strong evidence to prove whether these combos make toxic effects worse or better. Microplastics can carry chemicals into the body or release them, but scientists still can't reliably predict which effect wins, meaning real-world health risks from combined exposures remain uncertain.
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