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Combined toxicity of polyethylene microplastics and chromium on the developmental stage of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
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Baby Nile tilapia fish exposed to polyethylene microplastics, chromium, or both in a lab test showed increased death rates, faster heart rates, shorter body length, more physical deformities, and reduced swimming ability compared to unexposed fish. Fish exposed to both pollutants together fared worse than those exposed to either one alone.
Microplastics (MPs), an emerging pollutant, pose negative impacts on aquatic life. Heavy metals released from industrial discharges, pharmaceuticals, agricultural runoff, and other sources also exert adverse impacts on aquatic organisms. Additionally, MPs can adsorb other contaminants from the surrounding environment, thereby increasing their bioavailability. This study focused on the combined toxic effects of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) and chromium (Cr) on growth, mortality, heart rate, malformation rate, and swimming behavior of Nile tilapia larvae. Larvae were exposed to control (C), PE-MP (5 mg/L), Cr (10% of the 96-h LC50: 8.1 mg/L), and PE-MP + Cr in quadruplicate for 7 days. Sampling was done every 12 h. Cumulative mortality (%) and heart rate (beats/min) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all treatments compared to the control, and the combined group had the highest mortality. The length of larvae decreased significantly across all treatments. Developmental deformities, including kyphosis, lordosis, notochord malformation, abnormal head, pericardial edema, broken tail, and hemorrhage, were observed in treatments, and malformation rate showed significant augmentation (p < 0.05) in all treatments compared to the control. Additionally, mobility, traveled distance, and swimming velocity decreased significantly across all treatments. PE-MP as a vector for Cr resulted in more severe effects than those of single exposures.
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