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Micro- and Nanoplastics: Hidden Environmental Catalysts of Antimicrobial Resistance

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) 2026
*Kiran1, Komal2, Prashant Kumar Pappu2, Nisha3

Summary

Tiny plastic particles—broken down from everyday plastic waste over decades—have become so small and widespread that they're now found in water, soil, and air all over the world. This review paper highlights growing concern that these micro- and nanoplastics may act as breeding grounds for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, meaning they could help harmful germs become harder to treat with medicine. While more research is needed to fully understand the risk to human health, this is an important reminder that plastic pollution may have consequences beyond litter and environmental damage.

Plastics have become an essential part of modern life due to their durability, flexibility, and low production cost. Since the beginning of large-scale plastic production in the 1950s, global plastic manufacturing has increased dramatically. Over time, environmental processes such as photo-oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, mechanical abrasion, and microbial activity break large plastic debris into smaller particles. These fragments are classified as microplastics (<5 mm) and nanoplastics (<100 nm). Because of their small size and large surface area, these particles are easily transported through water, soil, and air, making them widespread contaminants in both natural and human-made environments.

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