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Micro- and Nanoplastics: Hidden Environmental Catalysts of Antimicrobial Resistance

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) 2026
*Kiran1, Komal2, Prashant Kumar Pappu2, Nisha3

Summary

Tiny plastic bits called microplastics and nanoplastics — created when larger plastic waste breaks down from sun exposure, weather, and other natural processes — have become so small and widespread that they're now found throughout our water, soil, and air. This review paper highlights growing concerns that these particles may act as hidden carriers that help bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics, though more research is needed to fully understand this risk. Since antibiotic resistance already makes some infections harder to treat, understanding whether plastic pollution is making the problem worse matters for protecting public health going forward.

Plastics have become an essential part of modern life due to their durability, flexibility, and low production cost. Since the beginning of large-scale plastic production in the 1950s, global plastic manufacturing has increased dramatically. Over time, environmental processes such as photo-oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, mechanical abrasion, and microbial activity break large plastic debris into smaller particles. These fragments are classified as microplastics (<5 mm) and nanoplastics (<100 nm). Because of their small size and large surface area, these particles are easily transported through water, soil, and air, making them widespread contaminants in both natural and human-made environments.

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