The impact of microplastics on human health

Microplastics are small plastic particles with a diameter of less than 5 mm, commonly divided into primary and secondary microplastics. The most prevalent polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene. Microplastic particles are ubiquitous in today’s environment, with their quantities expected to rise further. Humans are exposed to microplastics mainly through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Ingestion represents the most significant pathway, as nearly all food items and water sources are contaminated with microplastic particles. Inhalation and dermal exposure contribute to the total body burden, though to a lesser extent. Microplastics affect multiple organ systems differently. They initially contact the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems, where they can exert toxic effects directly or translocate across epithelial barriers into the bloodstream. This enables contamination of other organs, including the endocrine and nervous systems. Adverse effects range from irritable bowel syndrome and asthma to endocrine disruption and neurodegenerative disorders. Microplastic contamination has been identified in various human tissues, confirming their pervasive presence within the body. Detection of microplastics primarily relies on techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. However, current scientific literature lacks validated methods for reliable detection of microplastics in living human tissues and there are no established treatments or protocols for their removal from the body. Given their widespread presence and diverse toxic effects, microplastics represent a significant and growing threat to human health. This review highlights the urgent need for improved detection methods and therapeutic strategies to address microplastic contamination and mitigate its health risks.