Papers

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Article Tier 2

Microscopic anthropogenic waste ingestion by small terrestrial European passerines: evidence from finch and tit families

Researchers examined the stomachs and intestines of nine common European songbird species — finches and tits — to see how much microscopic waste they were ingesting. Of 149 birds tested, 31 contained particles including 7 confirmed microplastics (polyethylene, PET, and polystyrene), along with cellulosic fibers like cotton and rayon. Finches ingested more than tits, and ingestion rates were higher outside the breeding season. Because these small birds are prey for larger animals, they may be passing microplastics up the food chain.

2025 Scientific Reports 1 citations
Article Tier 2

How do life history and behaviour influence plastic ingestion risk in Canadian freshwater and terrestrial birds?

Researchers examined 457 wild birds in Canada and found that about 5% had visible plastic debris in their digestive tracts, with non-raptor species being nine times more likely to ingest plastic than raptors. When they looked more closely at raptor intestines, they found microplastic particles in all 54 birds tested, even though few had larger plastic pieces. The study identifies certain bird species as potential sentinels for monitoring microplastic pollution in freshwater and land environments.

2024 Environmental Pollution 19 citations
Meta Analysis Tier 1

Species-specific accumulation of microplastics in different bird species from South China: A comprehensive analysis

Across 24 bird species in South China, insectivorous birds accumulated significantly more small microplastics (under 0.1 mm) than other feeding guilds, while piscivorous birds accumulated more large microplastics (over 1 mm). Diet source was a stronger predictor of microplastic contamination than trophic level or body weight, with polypropylene and PET as the dominant polymer types found.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic accumulation in the gastrointestinal tracts of nestling and adult migratory birds

Researchers examined microplastic accumulation in the gastrointestinal tracts of both nestling and adult migratory birds across six species, finding widespread plastic ingestion with fibers predominating, suggesting that microplastic exposure begins early in avian life stages.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 89 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Pollution in Urban Birds: A Comparative Study of Rock, Columba livia, and Corvus splendens

Researchers compared microplastic contamination, health markers, and foraging behaviour in Rock Pigeons and House Crows from urban environments in a study of terrestrial avian MP exposure. Both species contained MPs in their gastrointestinal tracts, with differences in contamination level and polymer type reflecting species-specific foraging ecology.

2025 Pakistan Journal of Zoological Sciences
Article Tier 2

Microplastic accumulation in various bird species in Turkey

Researchers analyzed microplastic contamination in 12 bird species in Turkey, providing the first data of its kind for the country. They found microplastics in all species examined, with variations in particle types and concentrations across different birds. The study contributes to the growing evidence that microplastic pollution affects wildlife across diverse habitats and feeding strategies.

2025 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecological interactions influencing microplastic loading in small terrestrial birds

Researchers examined how ecological interactions among soil organisms influence microplastic loading in small terrestrial bird nests, finding that foraging behavior and habitat use create pathways for plastic accumulation in nest materials.

2024 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics presence in wild bird species through an environmental forensic lens

This study examined microplastic presence in wild bird species using an environmental forensics approach, finding plastic particles across multiple bird taxa in ecosystems ranging from urban to remote. The results highlight wild birds as both sentinels of and victims of plastic pollution.

2024 e_Buah
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Abundance, Shape, and Color in Passerines Captured at Rushton Woods Preserve Bird Banding Station in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA, April-September 2024

Researchers collected fecal samples from five passerine bird species at a Pennsylvania bird banding station between April and September 2024, chemically digesting and filtering samples to quantify and characterize microplastics by abundance, shape, and color in woodland songbirds.

2025 Environmental Data Initiative
Article Tier 2

Widespread microplastic and nanoplastic contamination in the intestines of birds: A case study from Chengdu, China

Researchers found microplastics and nanoplastics in the intestines of 49 bird species in Chengdu, China, with PVC and chlorinated polyethylene being the most common types. Nanoplastics, which are harder to detect and potentially more harmful, were confirmed in five species using advanced analytical methods. The widespread contamination across many bird species suggests that microplastic pollution has thoroughly penetrated terrestrial food webs, not just marine environments.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastics and other anthropogenic debris in freshwater birds from Canada.

This study quantified plastic debris ingestion in 17 freshwater and one marine bird species across Canada, finding that over 11% of individuals had ingested anthropogenic debris. The results show that plastic pollution in freshwater environments affects birds at rates comparable to marine species, highlighting the need to extend plastic pollution monitoring beyond the ocean.

2016 The Science of the total environment
Article Tier 2

Thrushes (Aves: Passeriformes) as indicators of microplastic pollution in terrestrial environments

Researchers examined thrushes (songbirds) as sentinel species for terrestrial microplastic pollution, finding MPs in digestive tracts of birds sampled from multiple habitats. The study supports using thrushes as bioindicators of land-based plastic contamination, given their broad distribution and feeding behaviors that bring them into contact with soil and invertebrates.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 44 citations
Article Tier 2

High microplastic pollution in birds of urban waterbodies revealed by non-invasively collected faecal samples

Researchers analyzed bird droppings from urban freshwater habitats in Germany and found microplastic particles, mainly fibers, in 98% of samples across all species studied. The pollution levels were substantially higher than those reported in other freshwater bird studies, likely reflecting the heavy contamination of urban waterways. Since all the investigated species are at least partially migratory, the findings suggest birds may transport microplastics over long distances.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing microplastic and nanoplastic contamination in bird lungs: evidence of ecological risks and bioindicator potential

Researchers examined the lungs of 51 bird species and found microplastics in all of them, averaging over 400 particles per gram of lung tissue, with nanoplastics also detected in five species tested. Birds may serve as early warning indicators of airborne plastic pollution, and the widespread contamination of their lungs suggests that humans breathing the same air face similar exposure risks.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 20 citations
Article Tier 2

Exposure to microplastics by pelagic and coastal seabirds from temperate and tropical environments

Researchers examined microplastic exposure in pelagic and coastal seabird species from temperate and tropical marine environments, using the birds' broad spatial distribution and feeding behavior to assess microplastic distribution and concentration patterns across oceanic regions.

2022 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Foraging strategy influences the quantity of ingested micro- and nanoplastics in shorebirds

Researchers found that surface-feeding shorebirds in Tasmania ingested 32 times more micro- and nanoplastics than deeper-foraging species, indicating that foraging strategy rather than local sediment contamination levels determines plastic exposure in coastal birds.

2022 Environmental Pollution 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Urban Bird Feces: A Methodological Approach and Case Study in Mexico City

Researchers analyzed pigeon droppings from three sites in Mexico City and found 16 to 28 microplastic particles per gram, mostly fragments of polystyrene and polyethylene smaller than 1 millimeter. The study developed a reliable method for extracting microplastics from organic material with a 93% recovery rate. Urban birds like pigeons can serve as indicators of microplastic pollution levels in cities, reflecting the contamination that humans in those same areas are also exposed to.

2025 Microplastics 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Gastric lavage may not be representative of total microplastic ingestion for a wild passerine bird

Researchers tested non-lethal gastric lavage in 105 Brown-headed Cowbirds and found it recovered only an average of 50.4% of total ingested microplastics — with wide individual variability (0–100%) — concluding the technique provides unreliable estimates of total microplastic body burden.

2025 PLoS ONE
Article Tier 2

Documentation of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of terrestrial raptors in central California, USA

Researchers found microplastics in the digestive tracts of all 16 terrestrial raptors (hawks and owls) examined on California's central coast, averaging over 12 particles per bird. The study is significant because it shows microplastic contamination has spread into land-based food chains, not just aquatic ones, raising questions about how plastic pollution affects predatory bird populations.

2023 California Fish and Wildlife Journal 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Organ-level translocation and tissue-specific accumulation of micro- and nanoplastics in wild birds

Researchers quantified micro- and nanoplastic burdens across six tissues in ten wild bird species and found that smaller-bodied birds carried higher plastic loads. Nanoplastics showed greater ability to move into internal organs than larger microplastics, and plastic particles were detected in the brain, blood, lungs, and muscle tissue. The study suggests that blood plastic levels could serve as a proxy for internal organ contamination and positions wild birds as potential bioindicators for plastic pollution.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Birds as bioindicators of plastic pollution in terrestrial and freshwater environments: A 30-year review

This 30-year review of 106 studies examines how birds in freshwater and land environments are affected by plastic pollution. Most research has focused on larger plastic pieces, while microplastic exposure in these bird species is understudied and nanoplastic exposure has not been investigated at all. The authors urge researchers to develop standardized methods for measuring small plastic particles in birds, which could serve as valuable warning signs of plastic pollution across ecosystems.

2024 Environmental Pollution 36 citations
Article Tier 2

The potential of aerial insectivores for monitoring microplastics in terrestrial environments

Researchers examined microplastic contamination in tree swallow chicks near a wastewater treatment plant and at a rural conservation area. They found anthropogenic microparticles, predominantly fibers, in nearly all chicks at both sites, suggesting that aerial insectivores could serve as useful biological monitors for tracking microplastic contamination in terrestrial environments.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 53 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Ingestion Induces Size-Specific Effects in Japanese Quail

Researchers found that Japanese quail ingesting environmentally collected microplastics showed size-specific effects, with small particles under 125 micrometers causing different physiological responses than larger 3mm particles, demonstrating that particle size matters for avian microplastic toxicity.

2022 Environmental Science & Technology 37 citations
Article Tier 2

Accumulation of microplastics in predatory birds near a densely populated urban area

Researchers found microplastics in every single digestive tract examined from four species of predatory birds near a major city, and 65% also had microplastics in their respiratory systems. On average, each bird contained about 8 microplastic particles, mostly fibers, likely ingested through contaminated prey. This is the first study to document microplastic contamination in the breathing organs of birds of prey, showing how plastic pollution moves up the food chain.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 35 citations