Papers

20 results
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Article Tier 2

Influence of wastewater treatment plant discharges on microplastic concentrations in surface water

This study measured microplastic concentrations upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plant discharges in a freshwater river and found elevated concentrations below discharge points. The findings confirm that wastewater treatment plants, even when functioning properly, act as point sources of microplastic pollution to freshwater systems.

2016 Chemosphere 412 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microplastics in river catchments

Microplastic concentrations were measured upstream and downstream of six wastewater treatment plants in different catchments, finding that all plants discharged microplastics but that concentrations in river water were influenced by factors beyond just WWTP effluent. The results suggest wastewater treatment plants are significant but not the only source of microplastics in river catchments.

2018 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 274 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater Discharge Transports Riverine Microplastics over Long Distances

This study demonstrated that wastewater discharge transports riverine microplastics over long distances downstream, with treatment plant effluent contributing significantly to the total microplastic load in receiving rivers.

2024 Environmental Science & Technology 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Global distribution of wastewater treatment plants and their released effluents into rivers and streams

This paper maps the global distribution of wastewater treatment plants and quantifies the pollutants—including microplastics—they release into rivers. Despite removing much of the contamination, these facilities remain significant sources of microplastic discharge into waterways worldwide.

2021 16 citations
Article Tier 2

Waste water treatment as a source of microplastic pollution

This conference abstract examines how wastewater treatment plants are a key pathway for microplastics from urban sources into rivers and ultimately the ocean. It frames improving wastewater treatment as a critical step for reducing the flow of microplastics into aquatic ecosystems.

2020
Article Tier 2

Toward a Better Understanding of the Contribution of Wastewater Treatment Plants to Microplastic Pollution in Receiving Waterways

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contribute to microplastic pollution in receiving waterways, synthesizing evidence on removal efficiencies of different treatment stages and the characteristics of microplastics that escape into the environment. Researchers found that while WWTPs remove the majority of incoming microplastics, they remain a significant source of microplastic discharge due to the large volumes of wastewater processed daily.

2022 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characteristics, Occurrence and Removal Technologies

This review summarizes how wastewater treatment plants are a major pathway for microplastics entering the environment, covering the types, sizes, and sources of microplastics found in wastewater. While treatment plants can remove many microplastics, significant amounts still escape into rivers and oceans through treated water and sludge. The authors evaluate various removal technologies and recommend advanced treatment methods to better prevent microplastics from reaching water supplies.

2024 Water 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in wastewater treatment systems and receiving waters

This review covers how microplastics move through wastewater treatment plants and end up in receiving water bodies, noting that conventional treatment removes most but not all microplastics. The residual microplastics discharged into rivers and oceans represent a major ongoing input into aquatic ecosystems.

2019 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluating wastewater effluent as a source of microplastics in environmental samples

This book chapter reviews how microplastics enter freshwater systems and wastewater treatment plants, and how these plants serve as both a partial barrier and a pathway for microplastics reaching rivers and oceans. Understanding wastewater as a vector is crucial for developing interventions that prevent microplastics from reaching ecosystems.

2020 IWA Publishing eBooks 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterisation of Microplastics from the Effluent of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant and from its Natural Receptor

Researchers characterized microplastics in effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and in the receiving Jiu River in Romania, both upstream and downstream of the discharge point. The results show that even treated wastewater carries microplastics into surface waters, contributing to river contamination.

2022 Materiale Plastice 4 citations
Review Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics: review of the fate, chemical interactions and potential risks to aquatic organisms

This review examines wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics entering aquatic environments. The study found that even though treatment plants remove most microplastics, the small amounts remaining in effluent may still contribute significantly to environmental contamination, and the chemical interactions between microplastics and other pollutants in wastewater raise additional ecological concerns.

2016 Water Science & Technology 314 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluating wastewater effluent as a source of microplastics in environmental samples

This book chapter evaluates wastewater effluent as a source of microplastics in environmental samples, reviewing evidence of microplastic presence in freshwater systems, wastewater treatment plants, and associated biota. Researchers found that wastewater treatment plants are a significant conduit for microplastics into freshwater and marine environments despite their partial removal capacity.

2019 IWA Publishing eBooks 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plants elevating microplastic abundances, ecological risks, and loads in Japanese rivers: a source-to-sink perspective

A study of five rivers in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan found that wastewater treatment plant effluents significantly increased microplastic concentrations, types, and ecological risk scores in receiving rivers compared to upstream and rural waterways. The results confirm a source-to-sink pathway from treatment plants into rivers and ultimately coastal marine environments, highlighting that current treatment infrastructure is insufficient to prevent microplastic pollution.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in wastewater plants: A review of sources, characteristics, distribution and removal technologies

This review provides a comprehensive look at how microplastics enter, move through, and are removed from wastewater treatment plants. Researchers found that while treatment processes can remove a significant portion of microplastics from water, large quantities still escape into rivers and oceans. The study highlights the need for improved treatment technologies and better monitoring to reduce microplastic discharge from these facilities.

2024 Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants

This review examined how wastewater treatment plants act as both a barrier and a source of microplastic contamination in surface waters, finding that while they remove a large fraction of incoming microplastics, significant quantities still pass through in treated effluent. Improving filtration is identified as a key strategy for reducing plastic pollution in rivers and coastal waters.

2018 E3S Web of Conferences 17 citations
Article Tier 2

National Reconnaissance Survey of Microplastics in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Korea

A nationwide survey of South Korean wastewater treatment plants found that large quantities of microplastics are discharged into freshwater environments, with treatment processes only partially effective at removing them. The study highlights WWTPs as a major pathway for microplastic entry into rivers and ultimately the ocean.

2020 Environmental Science & Technology 152 citations
Article Tier 2

Challenges and Fate of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Processes

This review examines the challenges microplastics (MPs) pose within wastewater treatment processes (WWTPs), noting that WWTPs can act as both sinks and secondary sources of MP contamination in water bodies. The authors survey various treatment approaches and their effectiveness in capturing MPs before effluent discharge.

2024 Microplastics 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence, Characteristics, and Removal of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review summarizes the occurrence, characteristics, and removal efficiency of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, highlighting how these facilities simultaneously act as sinks trapping microplastics and as sources releasing them into surrounding aquatic and terrestrial environments.

2025
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and it’s Impact on Aquatic Environment

This review covers the sources, abundance, and ecological impacts of microplastics in aquatic environments, explaining how particles enter food chains and affect organisms at multiple trophic levels. The paper highlights wastewater treatment plants as both a major source and a partial barrier for microplastics entering waterways.

2022 International Journal of Zoological Investigations 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent: a case study of Guangzhou, China

This study quantified microplastics in the effluent of a large wastewater treatment plant in Guangzhou, China, finding that the plant releases hundreds of millions of microplastic particles per day despite removing most particles during treatment. Even highly efficient wastewater treatment plants are a significant ongoing source of microplastics entering rivers and coastal waters.

2020 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 47 citations