Papers

61,005 results
|
Article Tier 2

The role of wastewater treatment plants in surface water contamination by plastic pollutants

This review examined how wastewater treatment plants act as both a barrier and a source of microplastic contamination in surface waters, finding that while they remove a large fraction of incoming microplastics, significant quantities still pass through in treated effluent. Improving filtration is identified as a key strategy for reducing plastic pollution in rivers and coastal waters.

2018 E3S Web of Conferences 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in wastewater treatment systems and receiving waters

This review covers how microplastics move through wastewater treatment plants and end up in receiving water bodies, noting that conventional treatment removes most but not all microplastics. The residual microplastics discharged into rivers and oceans represent a major ongoing input into aquatic ecosystems.

2019 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater as a potential source of microplastics in aquatic environments

This conference abstract reviews how wastewater and wastewater treatment plants are significant sources of microplastics — from cosmetic microbeads and synthetic textile fibers — entering the environment. It highlights that even treated wastewater effluent and sewage sludge spread onto farmland continue to release microplastics.

2020
Article Tier 2

Global distribution of wastewater treatment plants and their released effluents into rivers and streams

This paper maps the global distribution of wastewater treatment plants and quantifies the pollutants—including microplastics—they release into rivers. Despite removing much of the contamination, these facilities remain significant sources of microplastic discharge into waterways worldwide.

2021 16 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluating wastewater effluent as a source of microplastics in environmental samples

This book chapter reviews how microplastics enter freshwater systems and wastewater treatment plants, and how these plants serve as both a partial barrier and a pathway for microplastics reaching rivers and oceans. Understanding wastewater as a vector is crucial for developing interventions that prevent microplastics from reaching ecosystems.

2020 IWA Publishing eBooks 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characteristics, Occurrence and Removal Technologies

This review summarizes how wastewater treatment plants are a major pathway for microplastics entering the environment, covering the types, sizes, and sources of microplastics found in wastewater. While treatment plants can remove many microplastics, significant amounts still escape into rivers and oceans through treated water and sludge. The authors evaluate various removal technologies and recommend advanced treatment methods to better prevent microplastics from reaching water supplies.

2024 Water 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a Source of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment

Researchers investigated wastewater treatment works as a source of microplastics in aquatic environments, finding that effluent discharges contribute measurable quantities of microplastics to receiving rivers despite treatment, with concentrations varying by treatment type.

2016 Environmental Science & Technology 1966 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microplastics in river catchments

Microplastic concentrations were measured upstream and downstream of six wastewater treatment plants in different catchments, finding that all plants discharged microplastics but that concentrations in river water were influenced by factors beyond just WWTP effluent. The results suggest wastewater treatment plants are significant but not the only source of microplastics in river catchments.

2018 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 274 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in wastewater plants: A review of sources, characteristics, distribution and removal technologies

This review provides a comprehensive look at how microplastics enter, move through, and are removed from wastewater treatment plants. Researchers found that while treatment processes can remove a significant portion of microplastics from water, large quantities still escape into rivers and oceans. The study highlights the need for improved treatment technologies and better monitoring to reduce microplastic discharge from these facilities.

2024 Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: An overview of source and remediation technologies

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants serve as key pathways for microplastic entry into the environment, analyzing removal efficiencies across different treatment stages and identifying advanced technologies for improved microplastic remediation.

2022 Environmental Technology & Innovation 159 citations
Article Tier 2

Micro- and nanoplastic pollution in urban influenced aquatic environments: Sources, pathways, and remediation strategies

This review examines the sources, transport pathways, and environmental fate of microplastics and nanoplastics in urban aquatic environments, finding that wastewater treatment plants remove only 40–95% of microplastics with much lower efficiency for nanoplastics, making them a persistent source of aquatic contamination.

2025 Marine Pollution Bulletin 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification and Characterization of Microplastics in Seven Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants

Wastewater treatment plants are a key pathway through which microplastics enter rivers and coastal waters, and this six-month study across seven Spanish treatment plants found that conventional processes offer inconsistent and often inadequate protection. Microplastics were present in all samples, and in some cases effluent concentrations were nearly as high as influent concentrations — meaning the plants were adding little removal value for plastic particles. The dominance of synthetic fibers and the seasonal variation observed point to the need for better tertiary treatment steps to capture microplastics before discharge.

2026 Preprints.org
Article Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plants act as essential sources of microplastic formation in aquatic environments: A critical review

This review reveals that wastewater treatment plants are significant sources of microplastic formation, as treatment processes fragment and weather larger plastics into secondary microplastics with roughened, oxidized surfaces that are more environmentally reactive.

2022 Water Research 183 citations
Article Tier 2

An overview of the occurrence and distribution of plastics in wastewater treatment plants and the necessity of developing up-to-date management strategies

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are a major pathway for plastic particles entering rivers and oceans, but research on what happens to plastics inside WWTPs remains incomplete. This overview calls for better monitoring methods and updated management strategies to reduce plastic discharge from treatment facilities.

2023 Cambridge Prisms Plastics 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater Discharge Transports Riverine Microplastics over Long Distances

This study demonstrated that wastewater discharge transports riverine microplastics over long distances downstream, with treatment plant effluent contributing significantly to the total microplastic load in receiving rivers.

2024 Environmental Science & Technology 5 citations
Review Tier 2

The Effect of Wastewater Treatment Plants on Retainment of Plastic Microparticles to Enhance Water Quality—A Review

This review examined how well wastewater treatment plants remove microplastics, finding that most conventional systems achieve high removal rates but still discharge significant plastic quantities in treated effluent and sludge. Improving treatment efficiency and preventing sludge application to farmland are key strategies for reducing microplastic release.

2021 Journal of Environmental Protection 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Properties and fate of microplastics entering drinking water treatment plants

This conference abstract reviews how microplastics behave as they pass through drinking water treatment plants, noting that while conventional treatment removes many particles, some still reach tap water consumers. It calls for more data on the types and concentrations of microplastics entering and leaving treatment systems.

2020
Article Tier 2

Toward a Better Understanding of the Contribution of Wastewater Treatment Plants to Microplastic Pollution in Receiving Waterways

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contribute to microplastic pollution in receiving waterways, synthesizing evidence on removal efficiencies of different treatment stages and the characteristics of microplastics that escape into the environment. Researchers found that while WWTPs remove the majority of incoming microplastics, they remain a significant source of microplastic discharge due to the large volumes of wastewater processed daily.

2022 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of wastewater treatment plant discharges on microplastic concentrations in surface water

This study measured microplastic concentrations upstream and downstream of wastewater treatment plant discharges in a freshwater river and found elevated concentrations below discharge points. The findings confirm that wastewater treatment plants, even when functioning properly, act as point sources of microplastic pollution to freshwater systems.

2016 Chemosphere 412 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of wastewater treatment process on pollution characteristics and fate of microplastics

Researchers investigated microplastic abundance and removal efficiency across four wastewater treatment plants using different treatment technologies, finding influent concentrations between 539 and 1,290 particles per liter that were reduced substantially by primary and secondary treatment. Smaller microplastic particles proved hardest to remove and most likely to persist in final effluent.

2021 Marine Pollution Bulletin 45 citations
Article Tier 2

A Review of the Origins of Microplastics arriving at Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review synthesizes the origins of microplastics entering wastewater treatment plants, examining contributions from household sources, industrial and commercial discharges, and urban surface runoff conveyed through sewerage systems. The authors identify the diversity of microplastic sources reaching treatment facilities as a key challenge for effective removal, with implications for downstream aquatic pollution from treated effluent.

2022 Detritus 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent

Researchers conducted a wide survey of US municipal wastewater treatment plants and found microplastics widely present in effluent, confirming that conventional treatment does not fully remove microplastics and that treatment plants are ongoing sources of environmental contamination.

2016 Environmental Pollution 1124 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic removal and environmental emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants

This study measured microplastic levels in wastewater entering and leaving five treatment plants using different technologies, finding that while plants remove a large portion of microplastics, they still release significant amounts into the environment through treated water. Since wastewater effluent flows into rivers and oceans that supply drinking water and food sources, this ongoing release is a concern for human exposure.

2025 Journal of Cleaner Production 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent: a case study of Guangzhou, China

This study quantified microplastics in the effluent of a large wastewater treatment plant in Guangzhou, China, finding that the plant releases hundreds of millions of microplastic particles per day despite removing most particles during treatment. Even highly efficient wastewater treatment plants are a significant ongoing source of microplastics entering rivers and coastal waters.

2020 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 47 citations