Papers

61,005 results
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Review Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A review

This review examines the presence and fate of microplastics in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants, a topic that has received less attention than microplastics in the water treatment line. The study highlights that agricultural application of sewage sludge is a primary source of microplastic contamination in soils, and provides a comprehensive overview of detection methods, concentrations, and the environmental implications of sludge-borne microplastics.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 64 citations
Article Tier 2

Fate of microplastics in sewage sludge and in agricultural soils

Researchers reviewed how microplastics accumulate in sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants and then spread into agricultural soils when that sludge is applied as fertilizer, finding that sludge treatment processes can alter microplastic size and shape but do not eliminate them. The review calls for standardized methods to study how different sludge treatments affect microplastic properties and their downstream risks to soil health.

2023 TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 52 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in sewage sludge: Distribution, toxicity, identification methods, and engineered technologies

This review examines how microplastics accumulate in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants, which then becomes a major pathway for spreading these particles into the environment. Researchers found that sludge can contain extremely high concentrations of microplastics, ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands of particles per kilogram. The study evaluates current detection methods and emerging technologies for removing microplastics from sludge before it is applied to agricultural land or disposed of.

2022 Chemosphere 106 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic contamination in sewage sludge: Abundance, characteristics, and impacts on the environment and human health

This review focuses on microplastics found in sewage sludge, which is often spread on agricultural land as fertilizer. The practice introduces microplastics directly into farm soil, where they can be taken up by crops or leach into groundwater. This creates a pathway for microplastics to reach human food and drinking water, raising concerns about the safety of using sewage sludge in agriculture.

2023 Environmental Technology & Innovation 98 citations
Article Tier 2

A method for the characterisation of microplastics in sludge

Researchers developed a method for detecting and characterizing microplastics in sewage sludge, which concentrates the majority of microplastics removed during wastewater treatment. This method is important because sludge is widely spread on agricultural land, making it a key pathway for microplastics entering soils.

2019 MethodsX 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics as pollutants in agricultural soils

This review examines how microplastics end up in agricultural soils through sewage sludge application, wastewater irrigation, plastic mulch films, and atmospheric deposition. Researchers found that microplastics interact with soil organisms and can alter soil structure and microbial communities, but standardized detection methods are still lacking. The study highlights the need for research on how microplastics move through soil, their effects on crop health, and global policies to address this growing agricultural concern.

2020 Environmental Pollution 747 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in soils: a review of possible sources, analytical methods and ecological impacts

This review of over 60 studies examines the sources, global distribution, and analytical methods for microplastics in soil, finding that agricultural soils are particularly contaminated via sewage sludge application, plastic mulch, and atmospheric deposition. The authors call for standardized extraction and identification protocols to enable cross-study comparisons.

2020 Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 242 citations
Article Tier 2

Combined application of analytical techniques for microplastic determination to achieve comprehensive results for sewage sludge samples

Researchers combined multiple analytical techniques for comprehensive microplastic determination in sewage sludge samples, addressing the challenge that more than 90% of microplastics entering wastewater treatment plants are retained in sludge and require robust multi-method characterization.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Review Tier 2

Microplastics in biosolids: A review of ecological implications and methods for identification, enumeration, and characterization

This review examines the presence of microplastics in biosolids from wastewater treatment plants and their ecological effects when applied to agricultural soils. Researchers found conflicting evidence about the extent of negative ecosystem impacts, with some studies showing harmful effects and others reporting minimal consequences. The study highlights the lack of standardized methods for measuring microplastics in biosolids and calls for consistent analytical approaches to better assess the risks.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 42 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis and Effects of Microplastics in the Agricultural Soils

This review summarizes current knowledge about microplastic contamination in agricultural soils, including how it gets there (mulch films, sewage sludge, irrigation) and what effects it has on soil health. The authors highlight the lack of standardized methods for sampling and testing soil, which limits understanding of the true extent of the problem.

2021 Proceedings of the World Congress on New Technologies
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A Known but Underrated Pathway in Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review finds that wastewater treatment plants effectively transfer microplastics from effluent into sewage sludge, creating a significant but underrated pathway for MP contamination when sludge is applied to agricultural soils.

2021 Sustainability 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing emerging and priority micropollutants in sewage sludge: environmental insights and analytical approaches

Researchers reviewed the presence of emerging pollutants, including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals, in sewage sludge that is commonly applied to agricultural land. They found that current analytical methods are improving but still face challenges in detecting these contaminants at low concentrations in complex sludge samples. The study highlights the environmental risks of spreading pollutant-laden sludge on farmland and calls for better monitoring standards.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Extent and impact of microplastics on soil nutrients and biota: a trade-off assessment

This review examines the extent of microplastic inputs from sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils, synthesizing evidence on how sludge-derived microplastics affect soil nutrient availability, soil biota, plant performance, and crop productivity, concluding that the benefits of sludge as a soil amendment must be weighed against its role as a vector for microplastic contamination.

2022 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Investigation and analysis of microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids: A case study from one wastewater treatment works in the UK

Researchers investigated microplastic contamination in sewage sludge and biosolids at a UK wastewater treatment plant and found significant quantities of microplastics persisting through the treatment process. Since millions of tonnes of biosolids are applied to farmland annually in the UK, this represents a major pathway for microplastic pollution entering agricultural soils. The study highlights the need for better monitoring and treatment methods to reduce microplastic transfer from wastewater to the terrestrial environment.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 175 citations
Article Tier 2

Fundamental steps and considerations in the analysis of micro- and nanoplastics in wastewaters, sludges, and comparable matrices

This review evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of current methods for measuring micro- and nanoplastics in wastewater and sewage sludge, two of the most important pathways through which plastics enter the environment. The authors note that no universal standard methods yet exist, making it difficult to compare results between labs or countries. The review also discusses how plastic particles in sludge can carry toxic chemicals and pathogens, compounding the environmental and public health risks beyond plastic alone.

2023
Article Tier 2

Analysis of micro- and nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants: key steps and environmental risk considerations

This review examines how micro- and nanoplastics behave within wastewater treatment plants, which are a major pathway for these particles entering the environment. Researchers highlight that treatment plants can remove many microplastics but often transfer them to sewage sludge, which is then spread on agricultural land. The study calls for better standardized methods to measure nanoplastics in wastewater and assess the environmental risks of treatment byproducts.

2023 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Establishment and application of standard analysis methods for microplastic samples: Urban sewage and sewage sludge as a source of microplastics in the environment

Researchers developed a standardized method for measuring microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and found that treated wastewater still releases an estimated 14.2 billion microplastic particles per day into the environment. While treatment plants remove most microplastics from the water, many end up concentrated in sewage sludge, which is often spread on farmland. The findings highlight that wastewater treatment is a major pathway for microplastics to reach rivers and agricultural soil.

2025 Environmental Research 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Sewage Sludge-Mediated Microplastic Transfer to Agroecosystem: A Comprehensive Review on Detection, Fate and Ecological Impacts

This review study shows that tiny plastic particles called microplastics are getting into farm soil through sewage sludge that's used as fertilizer. When wastewater treatment plants process our sewage, they capture these plastic bits in the leftover sludge, which farmers then spread on their fields. This matters because these microplastics could potentially affect our food supply and soil health, but scientists still need more research to understand the full risks.

2026 Water Air & Soil Pollution
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: Effects of Treatment

This study examined the effects of various sewage sludge treatment processes on microplastic content, finding that treatment methods differ substantially in their ability to reduce microplastic concentrations before sludge is disposed of or land-applied.

2016 Environmental Science & Technology 1019 citations
Article Tier 2

A Simplified and Optimised Protocol for Microplastics Determination in Soil and Sludge Applied Soils

Researchers developed and validated a simplified, optimized protocol for determining microplastic concentrations in soil and sewage sludge, addressing the methodological inconsistency that currently makes comparison between global studies difficult.

2025 Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa
Article Tier 2

Variation in microplastic concentration, characteristics and distribution in sewage sludge & biosolids around the world

Researchers systematically reviewed 65 studies on microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants around the world. They found that while treatment processes remove 57% to 99% of microplastics from wastewater, the removed particles concentrate in sludge that is often applied to agricultural land. The review highlights that land application of biosolids may be a significant, underappreciated pathway for microplastic pollution in soils.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 95 citations
Article Tier 2

An overview of the potential risks, sources, and analytical methods for microplastics in soil

This review systematically covers the potential risks, sources, analytical methods, and characteristics of microplastics in soil, identifying agricultural plastic films, sewage sludge application, and atmospheric deposition as major sources and calling for standardized detection protocols.

2022 AIMS environmental science 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in an agricultural soil following repeated application of three types of sewage sludge: A field study

Researchers investigated microplastics in agricultural soil after repeated sewage sludge application, finding that sludge-amended soils contained significantly more small microplastic particles than unamended soils, with particle accumulation varying by sludge type.

2021 Environmental Pollution 171 citations
Article Tier 2

Solid-Embedded Microplastics from Sewage Sludge to Agricultural Soils: Detection, Occurrence, and Impacts

This review examined microplastics embedded in solid matrices — particularly sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils — covering detection methods, occurrence data, and ecological impacts of solid-phase microplastic contamination as a distinct pathway compared to aquatic environments.

2021 ACS ES&T Water 41 citations