Fundamental steps and considerations in the analysis of micro- and nanoplastics in wastewaters, sludges, and comparable matrices

<title>Abstract</title> Micro- and nanoplastics contamination in the environment is a widely recognized problem since these particles have been found in various natural environments and in different foods and beverages. Additionally, these micro- and nanoplastics can act as carriers of harmful organic and inorganic contaminants and pathogens, potentially posing risks to human and ecosystem health. To evaluate the risks posed by plastic pollution, the scientific community must establish standardized methods for quantifying and monitoring the presence and movement of micro- and nanoplastics in the environment. This review discusses the strengths and limitations of commonly used methods for studying these particles in wastewaters, sludges, and similar environmental samples, as well as suggesting potential solutions to address any shortcomings. The final section delves into the chemicals and pathogens linked to plastic particles, and the techniques used to analyse them.