Papers

20 results
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Article Tier 2

Joint toxicity of microplastics with triclosan to marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum

Researchers investigated the combined toxicity of triclosan and four types of microplastics on the marine microalga Skeletonema costatum. They found that while all microplastics individually inhibited algal growth, PVC and smaller particles had the strongest effects, and the joint toxicity with triclosan followed an antagonistic pattern rather than additive or synergistic. The study suggests that microplastics can adsorb organic pollutants and partially reduce their bioavailability, though the physical damage from smaller particles remains a significant concern.

2018 Environmental Pollution 337 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of extracellular polymeric substances from Skeletonema costatum on the combined toxicity of microplastics and antibiotics in estuarine environment

Researchers investigated how extracellular polymeric substances from the diatom Skeletonema costatum modified the combined toxicity of polypropylene and polyethylene microplastics with the antibiotic sulfamethazine, finding that the EPS layer provided partial protection against the joint pollutant stress.

2025 Marine Pollution Bulletin
Article Tier 2

Toxicity interaction of polystyrene nanoplastics with sulfamethoxazole on the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: A closer look at effect of light availability

Researchers studied how light availability influences the combined toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole on the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The study found that the interaction between these two pollutants was largely antagonistic under low and normal light conditions, as nanoplastics could adsorb the antibiotic and reduce its bioavailability, highlighting the importance of environmental factors in determining combined pollutant toxicity.

2023 Journal of Environmental Management 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Alleviating effects of microplastics together with tetracycline hydrochloride on the physiological stress of Closterium sp.

Researchers studied how PET and PBT microplastics combined with the antibiotic tetracycline affect freshwater microalgae. They found that in some combinations, microplastics actually reduced the toxicity of the antibiotic to the algae, likely by adsorbing the chemical onto their surfaces. The study highlights the complex and sometimes counterintuitive ways that microplastics interact with other pollutants in aquatic environments.

2024 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicological Effects of Microplastics and Sulfadiazine on the Microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Researchers examined the combined toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and the antibiotic sulfadiazine on the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The results suggest that both substances individually and in combination inhibited algal growth, and the interaction between microplastics and antibiotics may alter their respective toxic effects on aquatic organisms.

2022 Frontiers in Microbiology 40 citations
Article Tier 2

The effect of polystyrene plastics on the toxicity of triphenyltin to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum—influence of plastic particle size

The presence of polystyrene particles of different sizes was found to modify the toxicity of triphenyltin (a toxic organotin compound) to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum, with effects depending on whether the plastic particles increased or decreased the bioavailability of the chemical. The study illustrates how microplastics can alter the toxicity of co-occurring chemical pollutants to sensitive marine microalgae.

2019 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Size-specific mediation of the physiological responses and degradation ability of microalgae to sulfamerazine by microplastics

Researchers examined how polystyrene microplastics of different sizes affect the ability of marine microalgae to tolerate and break down the antibiotic sulfamerazine. They found that nano-sized plastics were more harmful than larger particles, reducing algal growth and impairing the organisms' ability to degrade the antibiotic. The study reveals that microplastic pollution could interfere with the natural biological breakdown of pharmaceutical contaminants in waterways.

2025 Aquatic Toxicology 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Behavior of tetracycline and polystyrene nanoparticles in estuaries and their joint toxicity on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum

Researchers studied the sorption of tetracycline antibiotic onto polystyrene nanoparticles in simulated estuarine conditions and found that the combination was more toxic to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum than either stressor alone, due to enhanced cellular uptake of antibiotic delivered by nanoplastics.

2020 Environmental Pollution 96 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects of pristine and aged polystyrene and their leachate on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum

Researchers compared the toxic effects of pristine and aged polystyrene microplastics, as well as their chemical leachates, on the marine microalga Skeletonema costatum. The study found that aged microplastics and their leachates caused greater growth inhibition, reduced chlorophyll concentration, and triggered stronger oxidative stress responses than pristine particles, suggesting that environmental weathering increases the toxicity of plastic debris.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 56 citations
Article Tier 2

Higher toxicity induced by co-exposure of polystyrene microplastics and chloramphenicol to Microcystis aeruginosa: Experimental study and molecular dynamics simulation

Researchers studied what happens when the antibiotic chloramphenicol and polystyrene microplastics are present together in water containing blue-green algae. The study found that the combined exposure was more toxic to the algae than either pollutant alone, disrupting photosynthesis and gene expression. The findings suggest that microplastics and antibiotics may interact in ways that amplify their harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 38 citations
Article Tier 2

Preferential adsorption of medium molecular weight proteins in extracellular polymeric substance alleviates toxicity of small-sized microplastics to Skeletonema costatum

Scientists discovered that natural substances secreted by marine algae form a coating on microplastic surfaces that actually reduces the toxicity of the smallest particles. This coating, made of proteins and sugars, changed the surface properties of the microplastics and helped the algae grow better despite the pollution. The finding suggests that natural biological processes in the ocean may partially buffer the harmful effects of microplastics, though this protection may vary with particle size.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 14 citations
Meta Analysis Tier 1

When antibiotics encounter microplastics in aquatic environments: Interaction, combined toxicity, and risk assessments

A meta-analysis of the combined toxicity of antibiotics and microplastics in aquatic environments found significant adverse effects on algae but limited apparent effects on fish and daphnia. Microplastics alter antibiotic environmental behavior through adsorption and co-transport, and their coexistence is widespread across global aquatic study sites, though standardized risk assessment methods for combined exposure remain lacking.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of microplastics on the toxicity of the pharmaceuticals procainamide and doxycycline on the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii

Researchers investigated whether the presence of microplastics influences the toxicity of two pharmaceuticals, procainamide and doxycycline, on the marine microalga Tetraselmis chuii. They found that microplastics alone had limited effects, but when combined with pharmaceuticals, the mixture interactions varied depending on the drug and the measured endpoint. The study suggests that the co-occurrence of microplastics and pharmaceutical pollutants in marine environments may produce unpredictable combined effects on primary producers.

2018 Aquatic Toxicology 293 citations
Article Tier 2

Micro-polyethylene particles reduce the toxicity of nano zinc oxide in marine microalgae by adsorption

Researchers discovered that polyethylene microplastic particles reduced the toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles to marine microalgae by adsorbing the nanoparticles onto their surface, revealing that microplastics can modify the bioavailability of co-occurring contaminants.

2021 Environmental Pollution 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects of microplastic on marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum: Interactions between microplastic and algae

Researchers found that micrometer-sized PVC microplastics significantly inhibit the growth and photosynthesis of the marine microalga Skeletonema costatum — reaching up to 39.7% growth inhibition — primarily through direct physical adsorption and aggregation between particles and algal cells rather than by shading effects alone.

2016 Environmental Pollution 823 citations
Article Tier 2

Single and combined toxicity assessment of primary or UV-aged microplastics and adsorbed organic pollutants on microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Researchers investigated the single and combined toxicity of polyamide microplastics with the pollutants sulfamethoxazole and dicamba on the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa. They found that UV-aged microplastics caused different toxic effects than pristine ones, and that microplastics altered the bioavailability and toxicity of the co-occurring pollutants. The study suggests that environmental aging of microplastics changes their interactions with other contaminants, potentially affecting aquatic organisms in complex ways.

2022 Environmental Pollution 45 citations
Article Tier 2

Inhibitory Effect of Combined Exposure to Copper Ions and Polystyrene Microplastics on the Growth of Skeletonema costatum

Researchers examined how copper ions and polystyrene microplastics individually and together affect the growth of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. The study found that microplastics can adsorb copper ions, temporarily reducing copper toxicity to algal cells, but over longer exposure periods the inhibitory effects of microplastics themselves counteracted that benefit.

2024 Water 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Less toxic combined microplastics exposure towards attached Chlorella sorokiniana in the presence of sulfamethoxazole while massive microalgal nitrous oxide emission under multiple stresses

Researchers studied how microplastics from different plastic types (polyethylene, PVC, and polyamide) interact with an antibiotic in a microalgae-based wastewater treatment system. They found that combining different types of microplastics together was more harmful to the algae than mixing microplastics with the antibiotic. The study also showed that stressed algae released more nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, meaning microplastic pollution in wastewater could worsen climate change.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Polystyrene microplastics attenuated the impact of perfluorobutanoic acid on Chlorella sorokiniana: Hetero-aggregation, bioavailability, physiology, and transcriptomics

Researchers studied how polystyrene microplastics interact with PFBA (a type of forever chemical) when both are present around green algae. Surprisingly, the microplastics actually reduced the toxic effects of PFBA on the algae by binding to the chemical and making it less available, showing that pollutant interactions in the environment can be more complex than expected.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Interactive toxicity effects of metronidazole, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and differently functionalized nanoplastics on marine algae Chlorella sp.

Researchers examined the combined toxicity of common pharmaceutical drugs and nanoplastics with different surface coatings on marine algae. They found that the interaction between drugs and nanoplastics produced effects ranging from additive to synergistic, depending on the specific combination, with amine-coated nanoplastics generally causing more harm. The study highlights that real-world mixtures of pharmaceutical and plastic pollutants in oceans may pose greater risks to marine life than either contaminant alone.

2025 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts 3 citations