Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Extraction, identification, and environmental risk assessment of microplastics in commercial toothpaste

Microplastics were extracted from ten commercial toothpaste brands sold in India and characterized by size and polymer type, with polyethylene being the most common material found. The study identifies toothpaste as a source of microplastic exposure through oral ingestion and wastewater discharge, adding to evidence on personal care products as plastic pollution sources.

2022 Chemosphere 75 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification and Characterization of Microplastics in Five Popular Indian Toothpaste Brands - A Comprehensive Analysis

Researchers analyzed five popular Indian toothpaste brands for microplastic contamination and found significant variations in concentration and polymer types across brands. One brand contained the highest microplastic concentration at 0.248 grams per gram of toothpaste, with particles up to 30 micrometers including PET, polypropylene, and PTFE. The study highlights that personal care products remain a direct source of microplastic exposure and suggests that regulatory oversight of microplastic ingredients in toothpaste is needed.

2025 International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Exploration of microplastics from personal care and cosmetic products and its estimated emissions to marine environment: An evidence from Malaysia

Microplastics including microbeads were quantified in personal care and cosmetic products sold in Malaysia, with scrubs and toothpastes as the top contributors, and estimated emissions to marine environments were calculated. The findings support the case for regulations banning plastic microbeads in cosmetics as a pollution prevention measure.

2018 Marine Pollution Bulletin 216 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in personal care products and cosmetics in Sri Lanka

Researchers analyzed 15 brands of personal care and cosmetic products sold in Sri Lanka for microplastic content, making it the first such study in the country. They found microplastics in products including face washes, facial scrubs, baby creams, and skin creams. The study highlights personal care products as a significant and often overlooked source of microplastic pollution entering waterways.

2024 Heliyon 24 citations
Article Tier 2

The presence of microplastics in personal care and cosmetic products (PCCPs) commonly used in Ho Chi Minh City

Researchers examined 21 personal care and cosmetic products commonly used in Ho Chi Minh City and found that 14 contained microplastics as ingredients. Granular microplastics were the predominant form, with sizes varying widely across product types from toothpaste to exfoliating products. The study aims to support regulation of microplastic-containing ingredients in consumer products in Vietnam to minimize their discharge into the environment.

2024 IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics (MPs) in Cosmetics: A Review on Their Presence in Personal-Care, Cosmetic, and Cleaning Products (PCCPs) and Sustainable Alternatives from Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers

This review documents how microplastics are widely used in personal care products, cosmetics, and cleaning supplies as exfoliants, film formers, and texture enhancers. These products wash down the drain and contribute to environmental microplastic pollution, which can ultimately cycle back to humans through contaminated water and food.

2024 Cosmetics 42 citations
Article Tier 2

Consumer Perception of Personal Care Products and Cosmetics on Health and Environmental Effects

A survey of 300 Sri Lankan consumers found that 48% selected personal care products based on evaluations, 34% were highly concerned about ingredients, and most disposal via washing contributed to microplastic-laden wastewater, with awareness of environmental impacts varying widely.

2024 Environmental Quality Management
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in cosmetics and their impact on human health

Researchers reviewed 14 studies on microplastics in cosmetics and personal care products, finding polyethylene is the most common microplastic in facial scrubs, body washes, and toothpaste, with exposure occurring mainly through skin contact and ingestion. Despite growing awareness, major gaps remain in understanding the long-term health effects and environmental persistence of these cosmetic microplastics.

2025 Discover Applied Sciences 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Personal Care and Cosmetic Products as a Potential Source of Environmental Contamination by Microplastics in a Densely Populated Asian City

Researchers surveyed personal care and cosmetic products sold in a densely populated Asian city for microbeads and other microplastic ingredients, documenting the extent of microbead-containing products still on the market and estimating their potential contribution to municipal wastewater microplastic loads.

2021 Frontiers in Marine Science 186 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in personal care products: Exploring perceptions of environmentalists, beauticians and students

This study surveyed consumer and expert perceptions of microplastics in personal care products, finding that awareness was low among the general public but that both groups generally supported regulation. The research highlights the importance of consumer education and policy in reducing primary microplastic inputs from cosmetic products.

2016 Marine Pollution Bulletin 223 citations
Article Tier 2

Patterns and risks of microplastic release during primary oral care in Chinese residents

Researchers studied microplastic release from toothpaste and toothbrushes commonly used in China and found that both products shed significant numbers of plastic particles during normal use. While the levels from any single brushing session were considered low-risk, the cumulative annual release was substantial, reaching hundreds of thousands of particles per person per year from toothbrushes alone. The study highlights oral care products as an overlooked daily source of microplastic entering both people and the environment.

2025 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Incidence of microplastics in personal care products: An appreciable part of plastic pollution

A review of 88 studies found that personal care products like exfoliating scrubs release about 1,500 tons of microplastics per year into global waterways through wastewater systems, representing up to 0.8% of all microplastics entering the oceans annually. Polyethylene is the dominant polymer and will persist in the environment long after microbeads are banned.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 273 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and risk assessment of microplastics from various toothpastes

Researchers found microplastic particles in multiple commercial toothpaste products and conducted risk assessments, determining that microbeads and other plastic additives in toothpastes represent a source of microplastic release to aquatic environments and potential human oral exposure.

2019 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 83 citations
Article Tier 2

Current research trends on cosmetic microplastic pollution and its impacts on the ecosystem: A review

This review examines the presence of microplastics in personal care, cosmetics, and cleaning products and their environmental impact. Researchers assessed the fate, degradation mechanisms, and routes through which cosmetic microplastics enter the environment. The study also discusses emerging technologies for removing cosmetic microplastics and highlights the need for sustainable alternatives to reduce this domestic source of pollution.

2023 Environmental Pollution 108 citations
Article Tier 2

Release of primary microplastics from consumer products to wastewater in the Netherlands

Researchers estimated the release of primary microplastics from consumer products — including cosmetics, cleaning agents, and paint — into Dutch wastewater, finding sewage effluent concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 66 μg/L depending on scenario assumptions. All product categories contributed to microplastic loads reaching surface waters via sewage treatment plant effluent.

2015 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 182 citations
Article Tier 2

Community awareness and perceptions on microplastics: a case study from Sri Lanka

A community survey in Sri Lanka assessed public awareness of microplastic pollution using convenience sampling across rural and urban areas, finding generally low awareness of microplastics as an environmental and health concern. The results highlight the need for public education campaigns about microplastic risks and regulatory measures.

2023 Ceylon Journal of Science 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Pollution in the Environment

This review examines the ubiquitous presence of microplastics as emerging environmental pollutants across all major environmental compartments, synthesizing data on their sources, fates, and concentrations over time and space to characterize the scale of global contamination.

2025
Systematic Review Tier 1

Microplastic content of over-the-counter toothpastes - a systematic review

This systematic review confirms that microplastic particles are present in many common toothpaste brands, including polyethylene and polypropylene beads used as abrasives. Since toothpaste is used daily and can be swallowed, this represents a direct and repeated route of microplastic exposure for consumers.

2023 F1000Research 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Exploring microplastic pollution from origin to environmental impact and remediation approaches

This review provides a comprehensive assessment of microplastic pollution, covering their sources from synthetic textiles, cosmetics, and packaging to their fate in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The study critically examines detection techniques, structural and chemical classification methods, and the health risks microplastics pose to organisms including humans.

2025 Discover Environment 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Emissions of water-soluble polymers from household products to the environment: a prioritization study

Researchers inventoried water-soluble polymers used in household cleaning and personal care products and estimated their emissions to the environment through wastewater. They found that unlike solid microplastics, these dissolved polymers are poorly understood in terms of environmental risk despite being widely used. The study identifies key data gaps and prioritizes which water-soluble polymers need the most urgent environmental assessment.

2025 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Clean, but not green: Emission assessment, forecast modelling and policy solutions for plastic microbeads from personal care products in India

Researchers analyzed 45 personal care products sold in India and found that plastic microbeads were present in face washes, scrubs, shower gels, and body scrubs. They estimated current and future microbead emissions based on product usage patterns and population growth, projecting a significant increase in microplastic pollution from these sources. The study calls for regulatory action to ban intentionally added microbeads in personal care products in India.

2024 Emerging contaminants 21 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence of microplastics in three types of household cleaning products and their estimated emissions into the aquatic environment

Researchers detected microplastics in three types of household cleaning products (laundry detergents, toilet bowl cleaners, and dishwashing detergents) and estimated that global use of these products represents a significant and largely overlooked pathway for primary microplastic emissions into aquatic environments.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 21 citations
Article Tier 2

Physical-chemical characterization of microplastics present in some exfoliating products from Spain

Researchers physically and chemically characterised microplastics from ten personal care exfoliating products marketed in Spain, finding polyethylene microspheres in concentrations between 6-7% of total product weight in some cases. Smaller particles generally appeared at higher concentrations, highlighting these products as a direct source of microplastic pollution entering waterways.

2018 Marine Pollution Bulletin 114 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterisation and Pollutant Load of Greywater Containing Personal Care Cosmetic Products (pccps) for Body Care

Researchers characterized greywater from bathing activities containing personal care products, measuring concentrations of residual ingredients that enter household wastewater. Many personal care products contain plastic microbeads and synthetic polymer ingredients that contribute to microplastic loads in domestic wastewater.

2023 INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY