Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Face masks: a COVID-19 protector or environmental contaminant?

This review examined how the massive global use of disposable face masks during COVID-19 has created a significant source of microplastic pollution, with billions of masks entering the environment and releasing plastic fibers and chemical contaminants.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 13 citations
Article Tier 2

A review of disposable facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on microplastics release

This review examines the environmental threats posed by disposable face masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on microplastic release. Researchers found that discarded masks undergo physical and chemical degradation in the environment, generating microplastics that contaminate both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The study provides an overview of current knowledge on microplastic extraction methods and proposes strategies for controlling mask-related plastic pollution through source reduction and improved waste management.

2022 Chemosphere 52 citations
Article Tier 2

From Protection to Pollution: The Impact of Mask Use on Micro(nano)plastic Release

This bibliographic review found that global mask consumption during COVID-19 reached as high as 2.5 trillion single-use masks per month, with Asia as the largest consumer, and documented how improper mask disposal releases microplastics and nanoplastics into terrestrial and aquatic environments.

2025 Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
Article Tier 2

The COVID-19 pandemic face mask waste: A blooming threat to the marine environment.

This review examines how single-use face masks — billions of which were discarded during the COVID-19 pandemic — contribute to microplastic and microfiber pollution in marine environments when improperly disposed of. The pandemic created a massive new source of plastic pollution, with masks breaking down into microplastics and releasing chemical contaminants in the ocean.

2021 Chemosphere
Article Tier 2

Uncovering the Release of Micro/nanoplastics from Disposable Face Masks at Times of COVID-19

Researchers found that disposable face masks release significant amounts of micro- and nanoplastic particles when subjected to water exposure and mechanical stress similar to environmental conditions. This confirms that the massive use of masks during COVID-19 introduced new sources of microplastic pollution into the environment.

2021
Article Tier 2

Current knowledge on the presence, biodegradation, and toxicity of discarded face masks in the environment

This review examines the environmental fate of discarded face masks from the COVID-19 pandemic, covering their degradation, chemical release, and ecological toxicity. Researchers found that disposable masks break down slowly in the environment, releasing microplastic fibers and chemical additives that harm aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The study calls for improved disposal practices and further research into the long-term environmental consequences of pandemic-related mask waste.

2023 Journal of environmental chemical engineering 54 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics/nanoplastics released from facemasks as contaminants of emerging concern

This review examines how disposable facemasks, made primarily from polypropylene and polyethylene, release microplastics and nanoplastics into the environment. Chemical, physical, and biological processes break down discarded masks into tiny plastic particles that persist in ecosystems. Given the billions of masks used during COVID-19, this represents a significant and growing source of microplastic pollution.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Facemasks: A Looming Microplastic Crisis

Single-use disposable face masks were shown to shed microplastic fibers during use and degradation, with billions of masks improperly discarded globally during the COVID-19 pandemic entering aquatic environments and releasing polypropylene and polyurethane fibers, adding a new and large-scale source of microplastic contamination.

2021 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 63 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Impact of coronavirus pandemic litters on microfiber pollution—effect of personal protective equipment and disposable face masks

Researchers reviewed microfiber pollution arising from disposable and reusable face masks and personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding that synthetic fiber shedding through littering, laundry, and disinfection represents a significant and undercharacterized addition to global microplastic pollution loads.

2022 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Environmental risks of polymer materials from disposable face masks linked to the COVID-19 pandemic

This review examines how disposable face masks from the COVID-19 pandemic release microplastics into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, discussing combined pollutant effects and proposing green technologies to reduce mask-related plastic waste at its source.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 115 citations
Article Tier 2

Fate of the face masks in the environment affect human and wildlife: tons of face masks are new source for the endocrine disrupting chemicals

Researchers examined how the massive accumulation of discarded COVID-19 face masks — primarily made of polypropylene, an endocrine-disrupting plastic — represents a new source of microplastic pollution in soils, oceans, and air worldwide. The paper discusses the health and ecological risks posed by mask-derived microplastics and endocrine disruptors for both humans and wildlife.

2022 Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Used disposable face masks are significant sources of microplastics to environment

Researchers evaluated whether disposable face masks release microplastics into water and found that used masks released significantly more particles than new ones, increasing from about 183 particles per piece for new masks to much higher levels after use. The study suggests that the massive increase in disposable mask consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic has made improperly discarded masks a significant new source of microplastic pollution.

2021 Environmental Pollution 263 citations
Article Tier 2

Kinetic characteristics of microplastic release from commonly used masks in aquatic environment

Researchers tested four mask types (normal, fashion, N95, and disposable surgical) by exposing them to simulated natural water environments over 12 months at 3-month intervals to characterize the kinetics of microplastic release. They found time-dependent release patterns that varied by mask construction, documenting structural degradation and quantifying microplastic fiber shedding as a function of duration, with implications for environmental risk assessment of pandemic-related mask pollution.

2022 Research Square (Research Square)
Article Tier 2

Neglected microplastics pollution in global COVID-19: Disposable surgical masks

Researchers found that disposable surgical masks release approximately 360 microplastic particles in still water, with the number increasing significantly under agitation or when exposed to detergents and alcohol. After just two months of natural weathering, the masks became fragile enough to potentially release billions of microplastic fibers upon entering water. The study highlights that pandemic-related mask waste represents a substantial and largely overlooked new source of microplastic pollution.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 244 citations
Article Tier 2

Release of microfibers from surgical face masks: an undesirable contributor to aquatic pollution

Researchers found that surgical face masks release large quantities of microfibers when exposed to aqueous conditions, identifying masks — whose global use surged during the COVID-19 pandemic — as a significant and underappreciated source of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.

2023 Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Masks and the scourge of microplastic pollution

This commentary discusses how the widespread use of disposable face masks during COVID-19 has become a significant source of microplastic pollution, particularly from masks improperly discarded outside of hospital settings. The authors call attention to the environmental burden of mask litter as a growing global concern.

2023 International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Global face mask pollution: threats to the environment and wildlife, and potential solutions

Researchers reviewed the global face mask pollution crisis following COVID-19, estimating massive production volumes and finding that most disposal pathways generate secondary microplastic pollution or toxic emissions, and proposing countermeasures including biodegradable mask development and improved waste management policy.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 86 citations
Article Tier 2

The Fate of Microplastics, Derived from Disposable Masks, in Natural Aquatic Environments

This review examines the fate of microplastic fibers released from disposable face masks in aquatic environments, noting that used masks can release up to 10,000 microplastic pieces per day per mask. The review covers transport mechanisms, surface interactions, and potential ecological impacts of mask-derived microplastics in water bodies.

2024 Toxics 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluation of the leaching of microplastics from discarded medical masks in aquatic environments: a case study of Mashhad city

Researchers tested ten brands of COVID-19 face masks for microplastic release in water, finding that N95 masks shed the most particles due to their heavier construction, with fibers being the most common shape released. The findings highlight that the billions of disposable masks used globally each month represent a significant and growing source of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.

2023 Applied Water Science 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Environmental impacts of covid-19 pandemic: Release of microplastics, organic contaminants and trace metals from face masks under ambient environmental conditions

This study monitored microplastic, organic contaminant, and toxic metal release from COVID-19 face masks under open-environment exposure conditions rather than only controlled laboratory forces, finding that environmental weathering substantially increased release rates over time. The findings provide more realistic estimates of the pollution burden from the estimated 1.24 trillion masks discarded during the pandemic.

2022 Environmental Research 58 citations
Article Tier 2

A multi-analytical approach to investigate UV-induced degradation and micro/nanoparticle release from disposable plastic face masks

Researchers subjected disposable face masks to long-term UV-B aging in water to assess degradation and pollutant release. Aging caused structural fragmentation, surface oxidation, and the release of chemical additives and micro/nano-plastic particles, demonstrating that improperly disposed masks become a persistent source of both MPs and chemical contaminants.

2025 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Article Tier 2

Single-use surgical face masks, as a potential source of microplastics: Do they act as pollutant carriers?

Researchers investigated whether single-use surgical face masks, widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic, are a potential source of microplastic fibers released into the environment. The study found that used masks entering uncontrolled waste streams can shed fibrous microplastics.

2021 Journal of Molecular Liquids 96 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and chemical additives from disposable face masks: Environmental, human health and behavioural impacts

This review examined the environmental and health risks posed by microplastics and chemical additives released from synthetic disposable face masks. Researchers found that face masks are a substantial source of microplastic fibers and can leach harmful chemicals into both ecosystems and the human body. The study also explored how behavioral factors like mask disposal habits influence the overall pollution risk.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Uncovering the release of micro/nanoplastics from disposable face masks at times of COVID-19

Researchers investigated how disposable face masks release micro- and nanoplastics when exposed to mechanical stress in water, simulating environmental weathering. They found that even minimal deterioration of a single mask could release thousands of microplastic fibers and up to ten billion nanoscale particles. The study provides the first quantitative evidence of how pandemic-related mask waste may contribute to plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 171 citations