Microplastics and chemical additives from disposable face masks: Environmental, human health and behavioural impacts

Microplastic (MP) pollution has emerged as a major environmental issue with significant health implications. Synthetic face masks (FMs) have been identified as a substantial source of MPs and chemical additives, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. This systematic literature review examines the environmental and human health risks associated with MPs and chemical additives released from synthetic FMs and explores the behavioural factors influencing these risks. This interdisciplinary perspective is not well-explored in existing literature and offers new insights into the field. Key findings indicate that MPs are present in newly manufactured FMs, likely generated during the non-woven FM production process, with various environmental factors accelerating the release of MPs and additives. While existing studies highlight MP toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial organisms, there is a lack of research addressing the direct MP impact on human health. Workplaces where FMs are used as personal protective equipment may create conditions that promote pollutant release; however, but the literature has predominantly focused on secondary exposure via the food chain, rather than on direct exposure during FM use. Most research centres on the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving a gap in understanding risks for individuals relying on FMs for occupational safety or living in areas with poor air quality. The wide range and concentration of additives reported suggest inadequate regulation in FM production. Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term health impacts of MPs and additives, understanding FM-wearing behaviours to assess exposure levels, conducting cause-and-effect studies to inform policy, and developing sustainable alternatives.