Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Vertical Distribution of Microplastics in the Water Column and Surficial Sediment from the Milwaukee River Basin to Lake Michigan

Microplastics were measured in water surface, water subsurface, and sediment samples along the Milwaukee River continuum to Lake Michigan, finding density-dependent vertical distribution with low-density polymers concentrated at the surface and high-density polymers in sediments. The study demonstrates a clear polymer partitioning pattern with depth in freshwater systems.

2019 Environmental Science & Technology 440 citations
Article Tier 2

An analysis of microlitter and microplastics from Lake Superior beach sand and surface-water

Researchers sampled beach sand and surface water in the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore of Lake Superior, finding microlitter particles including microplastics even in this relatively pristine Great Lakes environment, with samples collected in May and July 2018.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 63 citations
Article Tier 2

Size Distributions of Microplastics in the St Louis Estuary and Western Lake Superior

Researchers mapped the sizes, shapes, and types of microplastics in western Lake Superior and its harbor, finding roughly similar overall counts but meaningful differences in composition. Harbor samples near urban areas had larger particles and more diverse plastic types, while standard counting methods significantly underestimated the smallest particles (under 45 micrometers), highlighting gaps in how we measure microplastic pollution in freshwater.

2024 Environmental Science & Technology 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Elucidating the vertical transport of microplastics in the water column: A review of sampling methodologies and distributions

This review synthesized sampling methodologies and findings on microplastic vertical distribution in the water column, identifying that surface trawl studies dramatically underestimate total water column burdens and that sinking behavior, biofouling, and hydrodynamic processes create complex depth-dependent distribution patterns.

2020 Water Research 93 citations
Article Tier 2

A multilevel dataset of microplastic abundance in the world’s upper ocean and the Laurentian Great Lakes

Researchers synthesized 8,218 pelagic microplastic samples from the world's oceans into a multilevel public dataset, calibrating for sampling differences and vertical mixing effects to provide standardized global estimates of upper ocean microplastic abundance.

2021 Microplastics and Nanoplastics 181 citations
Article Tier 2

A Multicompartment Assessment of Microplastic Contamination in Semi-remote Boreal Lakes

Researchers assessed microplastic contamination across multiple compartments of semi-remote boreal lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. The study found that microplastics were present even in these relatively isolated oligotrophic lakes, with fibers being the dominant particle type, suggesting atmospheric deposition and limited local sources as likely pathways.

2024 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in 132 Iowa lakes and variability in relation to abiotic, biotic, and anthropogenic factors

Researchers surveyed microplastic concentrations across 132 lakes in Iowa, finding that microplastics were nearly ubiquitous even in rural, minimally developed lakes — though concentrations were higher in lakes near urban areas, agricultural land, and higher human population density. Fiber-type microplastics were most common, consistent with patterns seen globally. The broad survey across diverse lake types provides compelling evidence that microplastic contamination of freshwater lakes is widespread across the American Midwest, not limited to industrial or highly urbanized regions.

2025 Environmental Pollution 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes

Researchers documented microplastic pollution across the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes, finding contamination in all lakes sampled — particularly Lake Erie — with fibers as the dominant particle type, highlighting plastic pollution in a critical freshwater system.

2013 Marine Pollution Bulletin 1794 citations
Article Tier 2

Difference in the fate of surface and subsurface microplastics: an example for open and coastal waters

Researchers compared the behavior of surface and subsurface microplastics in open ocean and coastal waters, finding that vertical mixing and biological processes move substantial quantities of plastic below the surface. Subsurface sampling revealed microplastics that would be missed by surface net tows alone. The findings suggest that surface-based microplastic monitoring significantly underestimates the total plastic burden in the ocean water column.

2023
Article Tier 2

Microplastic content variation in water column: The observations employing a novel sampling tool in stratified Baltic Sea

Researchers developed a novel sampling tool capable of collecting several cubic metres of water from predefined depth layers down to 100 m and used it to investigate microplastic distribution in the stratified Baltic Sea during spring thermocline formation. They found strong vertical microplastic stratification at all stations, with fibre-rich surface layers near terrestrial sources and offshore variability linked to thermohaline structure.

2018 Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution in Taihu Lake: Spatial distribution from the lake inlet to the lake centre and vertical stratification in the water column

Researchers mapped microplastic distribution in Taihu Lake from the inlet to the center and at different water depths. They found that concentrations were highest near the inlet and decreased toward the lake center, while vertical distribution showed accumulation patterns influenced by water movement and particle density. The study improves understanding of how microplastics move and settle within large freshwater lake systems.

2024 Environmental Pollution 21 citations
Article Tier 2

Vertical distribution of microplastics in the sediment profiles of the Lake Taihu, eastern China

Researchers analyzed vertical microplastic distribution in sediment cores from Lake Taihu, China, finding microplastics at all depths down to 50 cm with total abundances of up to 8,100 particles/kg dry weight, suggesting that surface sediment sampling significantly underestimates total microplastic storage.

2022 Sustainable Environment Research 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Abundance and Composition in Western Lake Superior As Determined via Microscopy, Pyr-GC/MS, and FTIR

Researchers surveyed microplastic pollution in western Lake Superior surface waters using microscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography, and FTIR spectroscopy. Fibers were the most common particle type found, and polyethylene was among the most frequently identified polymers. The study establishes baseline microplastic contamination levels in the Great Lakes and demonstrates the value of combining multiple analytical methods for accurate characterization.

2018 Environmental Science & Technology 390 citations
Article Tier 2

Cruise BH25-04 on RV Blue Heron

Researchers conducted a research cruise on RV Blue Heron to study both sinking and suspended microplastic particles in Lake Superior, contributing field data on the vertical distribution and transport dynamics of microplastics in one of the world's largest freshwater lakes.

2025 Rolling Deck to Repository
Article Tier 2

Beyond the surface: Stratification and turnover control microplastic dynamics in a seasonally ice-covered sentinel lake

A 15-month study of a Canadian lake found that microplastic concentrations were highest deep in the water column during summer stratification and in snow and ice at winter's end, not at the surface where most sampling occurs — meaning standard surface measurements underestimate whole-lake microplastic loads by up to 85%. Seasonal turnover temporarily flushes and redistributes particles, highlighting that sampling at one time point or depth can give a wildly misleading picture of how much plastic is actually in a lake.

2026 Journal of Hazardous Materials
Article Tier 2

Occurrence of microplastics in the water column and sediment in an inland sea affected by intensive anthropogenic activities

The first survey of microplastics in the water column and sediments of an inland sea affected by heavy anthropogenic activity found microplastics at all depths and in all sediment layers, with higher concentrations at the bottom. The results demonstrate that microplastic contamination in heavily used water bodies extends through the entire water column rather than being confined to the surface.

2018 Environmental Pollution 359 citations
Article Tier 2

Beyond the surface – Microplastic hotspots in the water column of a top plastic-polluted deep lake

Researchers sampled microplastics at four depths in the heavily polluted Lake Lugano (Switzerland/Italy) across all seasons, finding the highest concentrations not at the surface but in the upper 20 meters — the layer where light penetrates and aquatic life is most active. Surface sampling alone dramatically underestimates how much plastic freshwater organisms actually encounter, highlighting the need to study the full water column in lake pollution assessments.

2026 Journal of Great Lakes Research
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Pollution in Surface Waters and Sediments of Urban Lake

This book chapter reviews microplastic pollution in urban lake surface waters and sediments, describing sources, distribution patterns, and the ecological consequences of MP accumulation in these widely used but understudied freshwater habitats.

2025
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in subsurface water and zooplankton from eight lakes in British Columbia

Researchers quantified microplastics in subsurface water and zooplankton from eight British Columbia lakes, finding polyester fibers as the dominant form, with no relationship between microplastic levels and local population density, suggesting atmospheric deposition and recreational activity as primary sources.

2023 Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Spatial distribution of microplastics in volcanic lake water and sediments: Relationships with depth and sediment grain size

Microplastics were mapped in both water and sediment across depth gradients in a volcanic lake, finding that plastic concentrations increased with depth in sediments and were related to sediment grain size. The study provides rare data on microplastic distribution in volcanic lake systems and highlights sediment accumulation as a long-term plastic sink.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastics from Surface to Seabed: Vertical Distribution of (Micro)plastic Particles in the North Pacific Ocean

Researchers investigated the vertical distribution of microplastics across the water column and deep-sea sediments (>5 km) in the North Pacific Ocean, finding concentrations of 8-2600 items/m3 in the water column and 1100-3200 items/kg in sediments, with distinct patterns across the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Papahanaumokuakea Monument, and a less-polluted open ocean site.

2025 Environmental Science & Technology
Article Tier 2

Microplastic contamination in Lake Winnipeg, Canada

Researchers investigated microplastic contamination in Lake Winnipeg, Canada, finding widespread pollution across the lake with fibers as the dominant particle type, reflecting inputs from the surrounding watershed and atmospheric deposition.

2017 Environmental Pollution 458 citations
Article Tier 2

The Vertical Distribution of Microplastics in the Water Column of Lake Ladoga

Researchers measured the vertical distribution of microplastics in the water column of Lake Ladoga, Russia's largest lake, collecting samples at multiple depths and characterizing particle types and concentrations. Microplastic concentrations were highest in surface waters but significant quantities were found at depth, with fibres predominating throughout the water column.

2024 Water Resources 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in a deep, dimictic lake of the North German Plain with special regard to vertical distribution patterns

Researchers assessed the vertical distribution of microplastics in Lake Tollense, a deep dimictic lake in northern Germany, sampling particles 63-5000 μm at surface, 7 m, and 10 m depths on three occasions. The study found that vertical distribution patterns varied with lake stratification and depth, contributing new data on how physical processes in freshwater lakes influence where microplastics accumulate.

2020 Environmental Pollution 63 citations