Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments

This review provides an overview of how biodegradable plastics degrade under different environmental conditions including soil, freshwater, marine, and composting environments. It finds that biodegradability is a material property strongly dependent on environmental conditions, and that many so-called biodegradable plastics degrade far more slowly in nature than in controlled test conditions.

2020 Materials 196 citations
Article Tier 2

Exploring biopolymer degradation: Environmental effects and future insights

This review examines how biopolymers degrade in the environment and evaluates their potential as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. While biopolymers offer environmental benefits like reduced pollution, the study notes challenges including slower-than-expected degradation in natural settings, potential microplastic generation, and the need for better standardized testing and supportive policies.

2026 Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials
Article Tier 2

Influence of Weather and Purity of Plasticizer on Degradation of Cassava Starch Bioplastics in Natural Environmental Conditions

This study tested how weather conditions and plasticizer purity affect the degradation of cassava starch bioplastics under natural environmental conditions. Faster-degrading bioplastics are important because conventional plastics persist in the environment as microplastics for centuries.

2019 Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Study on the Biodegradation Kinetics of Bioplastic Obtained from Tapioca Starch

This study evaluated the biodegradation of bioplastic made from tapioca starch under both laboratory and field conditions, comparing it to conventional synthetic polymers. The starch-based bioplastic degraded significantly faster than petroleum-based plastics, supporting its potential as a more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional packaging materials.

2023 Health Food & Biotechnology
Article Tier 2

Comparison of the aerobic biodegradation of biopolymers and the corresponding bioplastics: A review

Researchers compared how quickly biodegradable bioplastics break down in soil versus their natural parent materials — like starch, cellulose, and lignin — finding that chemical modifications made during manufacturing significantly change which microbes and enzymes are needed for degradation. The review concludes that lab-based biodegradation studies often miss real-world complexity, and long-term field experiments are urgently needed to validate biodegradability claims for bioplastics.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 319 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Different Types of Bioplastics through Composting—A Recent Trend in Green Recycling

This review examines the biodegradation of various bioplastics through composting and other environments. Researchers found that while bioplastics offer a promising sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics, their degradation rates are highly dependent on environmental conditions, and concerns remain about their leakage into the environment and long degradation timeframes during waste management.

2023 Catalysts 125 citations
Review Tier 2

The degradation of single-use plastics and commercially viable bioplastics in the environment: A review

Researchers reviewed how conventional single-use plastics degrade over decades in natural environments versus how bioplastics biodegrade, finding that while alternatives like PBS and PHA show genuine biodegradation potential, most require specific industrial composting conditions that are rarely available in practice.

2023 Environmental Research 89 citations
Article Tier 2

Anaerobic Degradability of Commercially Available Bio-Based and Oxo-Degradable Packaging Materials in the Context of their End of Life in the Waste Management Strategy

Researchers tested how quickly bio-based and oxo-degradable packaging materials break down under anaerobic (landfill-like) conditions over one year, finding that starch-based films degraded more completely than PLA or oxo-degradable materials. Products marketed as biodegradable may persist much longer than expected, contributing to microplastic pollution.

2021 Sustainability 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Application of biodegradable plastic and their environmental impacts: A revie

This review examines the environmental impacts of conventional petroleum-based plastics and evaluates biodegradable alternatives made from plant-based and other organic materials. Researchers found that while bioplastics show promise for reducing long-term pollution, their degradation rates vary significantly depending on environmental conditions. The study emphasizes that switching to biodegradable plastics alone is not enough without proper waste management infrastructure.

2024 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Wasted Bioplastics in Natural and Industrial Environments: A Review

This review examines the biodegradation of bioplastics in both natural environments and industrial composting facilities, finding that many bioplastics degrade far more slowly outside industrial conditions than their labeling implies.

2020 Sustainability 441 citations
Article Tier 2

Polymer Biodegradability 2.0: A Holistic View on Polymer Biodegradation in Natural and Engineered Environments

Researchers reviewed the science of biodegradable plastics, examining how material properties and environmental conditions — such as temperature, moisture, and microbial activity — determine how quickly and completely a polymer breaks down. The chapter provides guidance for developing, testing, and regulating biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastics that persist in the environment.

2023 Advances in polymer science 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation

This review examines recent advances in bioplastics — including their applications in packaging, agriculture, and medicine — and critically evaluates their actual biodegradation performance in both natural and industrial environments, finding a significant gap between claims and real-world outcomes.

2020 Polymers 376 citations
Article Tier 2

Bioplastics and the environment: Solution or Green Illusion?

This review critically evaluates whether bioplastics are genuinely environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics, finding that many bioplastics degrade incompletely under real-world conditions, form persistent microplastic fragments, and may pose ecological risks comparable to conventional plastics.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials Plastics
Article Tier 2

Development of Technology for Obtaining a Biodegradable Polymer

Researchers developed biodegradable polymers made from starch combined with organic acids and plasticizers as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics. The resulting bioplastics passed physicochemical tests and are described as ready for mass production.

2023 NNC RK Bulletin 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Bioplastics in the Sea: Rapid In-Vitro Evaluation of Degradability and Persistence at Natural Temperatures

Researchers evaluated the marine degradability of multiple bioplastic materials at natural seawater temperatures, finding that most bioplastics persist in ocean environments rather than degrading quickly, challenging assumptions that bioplastics represent a straightforward solution to marine plastic pollution.

2022 Frontiers in Marine Science 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradable plastics in the air and soil environment: Low degradation rate and high microplastics formation

Researchers compared the degradation rates of various biodegradable plastic types in natural air and soil environments over time, finding that most degraded slowly under ambient conditions and generated substantial microplastic fragments, with non-certified biodegradable plastics showing essentially no degradation.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 232 citations
Article Tier 2

Microbial Degradation of Polylactic Acid Bioplastic

This review covers how microorganisms degrade polylactic acid (PLA) bioplastic under different environmental conditions. Understanding PLA biodegradation is important for assessing whether PLA products actually break down as intended in real-world environments rather than persisting as microplastics.

2021 Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradable Bioplastics: A Review of State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Future Directions

This review covers the current state, challenges, and future directions for biodegradable bioplastics derived from organic sources like starch and cellulose. While bioplastics are promoted as alternatives to conventional plastics, not all fully break down in natural environments, meaning some can still generate microplastic fragments.

2023 1 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Biodegradability of bioplastics in different aquatic environments: A systematic review

This systematic review examines whether bioplastics actually break down in water as promised. The findings reveal wide variability in how well different bioplastics biodegrade in freshwater and saltwater, and current testing standards lack clear targets, meaning some materials marketed as biodegradable may still persist in the environment and contribute to microplastic pollution.

2023 Journal of Environmental Sciences 62 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of the microplastic emission potential of a starch-based biodegradable plastic material

Researchers developed a method to assess the microplastic emission potential of biodegradable starch-based plastics under environmental conditions, finding that even materials labeled biodegradable can fragment into persistent microplastic particles depending on environmental degradation pathways.

2022 Polymer Degradation and Stability 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of supposedly biodegradable polymers in a real estuarine environment

Researchers tested the real-world degradation of supposedly biodegradable polymer bags in an estuarine environment over 180 days. The study found that bags made of PLA combined with PBAT and starch showed the most consistent degradation, while polyethylene bags with oxo-biodegradable additives and plain polyethylene showed minimal breakdown, questioning the effectiveness of some biodegradable alternatives in natural settings.

2026 Waste Management
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Wasted Bioplastics

This paper provides a broad overview of bioplastics — materials made from renewable biological sources — discussing their potential as a partial solution to global plastic pollution and the complexity of their biodegradability. While microplastic accumulation in oceans is mentioned as context for the urgency of the problem, the paper's focus is on bioplastic production and biodegradation rather than microplastic health or environmental impacts.

2023 World Science 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing the Biodegradation Characteristics of Poly(Butylene Succinate) and Poly(Lactic Acid) Formulations Under Controlled Composting Conditions

Researchers assessed the biodegradation of PLA and PBS biopolymer films and granules under controlled composting conditions over six months. PLA-based materials showed limited degradation while PBS degraded more substantially, highlighting that compostability varies significantly among bioplastics and may be insufficient under real-world composting conditions.

2025 AppliedChem 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of Biodegradable Single-use Plates and Waste Bags in Terrestrial and Marine Environments

Field experiments found that biodegradable single-use plates and waste bags degraded at very different rates depending on material and environment, with some lasting far longer than expected. Products labeled as biodegradable may still persist and fragment into microplastics in natural marine and terrestrial conditions.

2021 WIT transactions on ecology and the environment 3 citations