Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Dataset for "Modeling of vertical microplastic transport by rising bubbles"

This is the dataset for a modeling study on how rising air bubbles in water transport microplastic particles vertically through the water column. The model helps explain why microplastics can be found distributed throughout ocean depths rather than concentrated only at the surface.

2023 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Microplastics segregation by rise velocity at the ocean surface

This study modeled the competing forces of particle buoyancy and turbulent mixing that control the vertical distribution of microplastics in the ocean surface layer, finding that particle rise velocity is the key variable that segregates plastic types and determines how they distribute relative to surface and subsurface measurements.

2023 Environmental Research Letters 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The effect of wind mixing on the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris

Researchers modeled and measured how wind mixing affects the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris in the ocean, finding that turbulent mixing drives plastics below the surface and explains why surface sampling underestimates total plastic concentrations.

2012 Geophysical Research Letters 701 citations
Article Tier 2

The rise and rupture of bubbles: applications to biofouling, microplastic pollution, and sea spray aerosols

Researchers studied how rising air bubbles in water collect microplastics and bacteria on their surfaces and transport them to the liquid surface, and how bubble bursting then launches these particles into the air as sea spray — with implications for both aquatic contamination and airborne microplastic exposure.

2023 OpenBU (Boston University)
Article Tier 2

Experimental evidence of plastic particles transfer at the water-air interface through bubble bursting

Experimental evidence showed that bubble bursting at the sea surface can transfer plastic particles from bulk water to sea spray aerosols, providing a mechanism for microplastics to be transported from ocean surface waters into the atmosphere.

2021 Environmental Pollution 66 citations
Article Tier 2

Dataset for "Modeling of vertical microplastic transport by rising bubbles"

This is a duplicate dataset entry for the bubble transport modeling study on how rising bubbles carry microplastic particles through the water column. See ID 46348 for context.

2023 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Examination of the ocean as a source for atmospheric microplastics

Researchers assessed whether the ocean can be a net source of atmospheric microplastics (rather than just a sink), finding evidence that bubble bursting and sea spray can eject plastic particles from ocean surface waters into the atmosphere.

2020 PLoS ONE 444 citations
Article Tier 2

Passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer: 2. Observations and simulations of microplastic marine debris

Using ocean computer models calibrated against real-world observations, this study showed how wave mixing and other physical processes push buoyant microplastics below the ocean surface, explaining why less plastic is detected at the surface than expected. These models are critical for estimating where microplastic pollution is truly accumulating in the ocean.

2015 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 82 citations
Article Tier 2

Ups and Downs in the Ocean: Effects of Biofouling on Vertical Transport of Microplastics

Researchers developed the first theoretical model to simulate how biofouling, the growth of microbial biofilms on plastic surfaces, affects the vertical movement of microplastics in the ocean. The model predicts that depending on particle size and density, fouled microplastics may float, sink to the seafloor, or oscillate at intermediate depths. These findings help explain why small microplastics seem to disappear from the ocean surface and suggest they may concentrate at mid-water depths where vulnerable species live.

2017 Environmental Science & Technology 877 citations
Article Tier 2

Vertical transport of buoyant microplastic particles in the ocean: The role of turbulence and biofouling

Researchers modeled how turbulence and biofouling interact to determine the vertical movement of buoyant microplastic particles in the ocean. They identified three distinct flow regimes that govern whether microplastics stay at the surface, oscillate, or sink to the seafloor. The study helps explain the observation that even low-density microplastics are found in deep ocean sediments, suggesting biofouling-driven density changes are a key transport mechanism.

2025 Environmental Pollution 9 citations
Article Tier 2

New insights into the role of marine plastic-gels in microplastic transfer from water to the atmosphere via bubble bursting

Researchers identified a three-step mechanism by which microplastics are transferred from ocean surface water to the atmosphere during bubble bursting, finding that marine gel particles play a critical role by concentrating MPs at the air-sea interface before aerosol ejection. The results help explain how MPs reach remote terrestrial environments through atmospheric deposition from the ocean.

2022 Water Research 52 citations
Article Tier 2

The vertical distribution of buoyant plastics at sea: an observational study in the North Atlantic Gyre

Field measurements of buoyant plastic particles at multiple depths in the ocean showed that concentrations decrease sharply below a few meters, with turbulence mixing plastics downward. The data validate model predictions and confirm that surface net trawls substantially undercount total plastic in the water column.

2015 Biogeosciences 498 citations
Article Tier 2

Wettability of microplastic particles affects their water-to-air ejection via bubble bursting.

Researchers experimentally investigated how the wettability (hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity) of microplastic particles affects their enrichment into jet droplets ejected when bubbles burst at the ocean surface, providing new insight into the mechanisms by which microplastics are transferred across the air-sea interface and potentially aerosolized.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Numerical simulations of bursting bubbles: effects of contamination on droplet ejection and micro- and nanoplastics transport

Scientists used computer simulations to study how tiny plastic particles get launched into the air when bubbles pop at water surfaces, like in oceans or wastewater treatment plants. They found that contaminants in the water change how bubbles burst and affect how many droplets containing microplastics are released into the air we breathe. This research helps us better understand how microplastics from polluted water can end up in the atmosphere and potentially impact human health through inhalation.

2026
Article Tier 2

Numerical analysis of boundary conditions in a Lagrangian particle model for vertical mixing, transport and surfacing of buoyant particles in the water column

This technical modeling paper examines how to accurately simulate the behavior of buoyant particles (like microplastics) rising to the ocean surface in computer models. Improving these simulations helps predict where floating microplastics will accumulate in the ocean.

2019 Ocean Modelling 35 citations
Article Tier 2

Difference in the fate of surface and subsurface microplastics: an example for open and coastal waters

Researchers compared the behavior of surface and subsurface microplastics in open ocean and coastal waters, finding that vertical mixing and biological processes move substantial quantities of plastic below the surface. Subsurface sampling revealed microplastics that would be missed by surface net tows alone. The findings suggest that surface-based microplastic monitoring significantly underestimates the total plastic burden in the ocean water column.

2023
Article Tier 2

Elucidating the vertical transport of microplastics in the water column: A review of sampling methodologies and distributions

This review synthesized sampling methodologies and findings on microplastic vertical distribution in the water column, identifying that surface trawl studies dramatically underestimate total water column burdens and that sinking behavior, biofouling, and hydrodynamic processes create complex depth-dependent distribution patterns.

2020 Water Research 93 citations
Article Tier 2

Horizontal Dispersion of Buoyant Materials in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

This theoretical and computational study examined how buoyant materials like plastic fragments are dispersed horizontally in the ocean surface layer by turbulent mixing processes. The modeling results help explain how surface microplastics spread and whether they reach zones of biological concentration.

2018 Journal of Physical Oceanography 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanoscale insight into the interaction mechanism underlying the transport of microplastics by bubbles in aqueous environment

Nanoscale experiments revealed that bubble capture of microplastics in water is governed by hydrophobic interactions and surface charge complementarity between bubbles and MP particles. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for modeling the role of bubbles in transporting MPs from water to air-water interfaces and across environmental compartments.

2024 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer: 1. Influence of equilibrium wind‐waves on vertical distributions

Using large eddy simulations, this paper modeled how wind-driven waves affect the vertical distribution of buoyant particles near the ocean surface, providing the physical framework for the companion paper on microplastic debris distribution. The models explain why floating microplastics are often mixed down below the surface, reducing the concentrations observed in surface sampling.

2015 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 77 citations
Article Tier 2

Investigation of dynamic change in microplastics vertical distribution patterns: The seasonal effect on vertical distribution

This study combined targeted field sampling in the Bay of Marseille with numerical simulations to analyze how microplastic vertical distribution patterns in the ocean water column change seasonally, finding that wind mixing and particle buoyancy are key drivers of vertical transport.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 21 citations
Article Tier 2

Global microplastic emission and deposition fluxes at the ocean-atmosphere interface

This study used bottom-up modeling to estimate how microplastics move between the ocean surface and the atmosphere at a global scale. The findings suggest ocean surfaces are both a source and sink for airborne microplastics, helping explain how plastics cycle through Earth's major environmental systems.

2023
Article Tier 2

Effect of wettability on microplastic aerosolization via film and jet drops ejected from bursting bubbles

Researchers experimentally investigated how wettability of microplastic particles affects their aerosolization via film drops and jet drops ejected from bursting bubbles at the ocean surface. They found that particle wettability significantly controls the probability of microplastic inclusion in ejected droplets, with implications for understanding how microplastics transfer from the ocean surface into the atmosphere.

2025 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts
Article Tier 2

Dynamics of microplastics across the air–sea interface: enrichment in the sea-surface microlayer, foam, and links to regional biogeochemistry

Scientists found that tiny plastic particles are heavily concentrated in the thin layer at the ocean's surface and in sea foam - up to 100 times more than in deeper water below. These microplastics are constantly moving between the air and sea, with the smallest pieces traveling fastest and potentially spreading pollution over long distances. This matters because these surface waters and sea foam are where marine life feeds and where people swim, meaning we're likely exposed to much higher levels of plastic pollution than previously thought.

2026