Papers

61,005 results
|
Article Tier 2

Transport and deposition of microplastics and nanoplastics in the human respiratory tract

Using computer modeling of the full human respiratory tract, researchers found that both micro- and nanoplastics deposit in distinct patterns depending on particle size, shape, and breathing rate, with faster breathing pushing more particles into the upper airways. This study helps identify which areas of the lungs are most vulnerable to plastic particle buildup, which is important for understanding long-term respiratory health risks.

2024 Environmental Advances 50 citations
Article Tier 2

Simulating microplastics path in human airways

This study used computational fluid dynamics to simulate how microplastic particles of varying sizes and shapes travel through human airways, generating data to inform understanding of deposition patterns and respiratory health risks.

2024 Scilight
Article Tier 2

Particle deposition in the human lung as a function of microplastics’ shape, size, orientation, and type

Researchers modeled how microplastic fibers deposit in different regions of the human lung based on their size, shape, and orientation during inhalation. They found that the highest deposition fraction occurred in the nasopharyngeal region for larger fibers, while the smallest fibers with diameters of 0.75 micrometers reached the deepest alveolar regions. The study provides the first systematic assessment of how fiber geometry affects lung deposition patterns for airborne microplastics.

2026 Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment
Article Tier 2

Breathing in danger: Mapping microplastic migration in the human respiratory system

This study used computer modeling to simulate how microplastic particles travel through the human airways when we breathe. Smaller particles and fibers penetrate deeper into the lungs, and faster breathing pushes more particles into the upper airways. The findings help explain where microplastics are most likely to settle in the respiratory system, which is important for understanding potential lung damage from airborne plastic pollution.

2024 Physics of Fluids 20 citations
Article Tier 2

Atmospheric aerosol-microplastics intake and deposition in the alveolar region by considering dynamic behavior of acinar airways

Researchers analyzed the intake and deposition of atmospheric aerosol-associated microplastics in the alveolar region of the lung by modeling the dynamic behavior of acinar airways. The study improved understanding of how airborne microplastic particles are transmitted through the deepest regions of the respiratory system under physiologically realistic conditions.

2025 PLoS ONE
Article Tier 2

Detection of microplastics in human nasal mucosa

Microplastic particles were detected for the first time in human nasal mucosa samples, with polymer types and concentrations quantified, providing direct evidence that the upper respiratory tract is a site of microplastic deposition from inhaled air.

2024 Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie
Article Tier 2

Breath of pollutants: How breathing patterns influence microplastic accumulation in the human lung

Using computer simulations of the human respiratory system, researchers found that how you breathe affects where microplastics settle in your lungs. Slower breathing tends to deposit larger microplastics in the main airways, while faster breathing pushes particles deeper into the lungs, helping scientists identify which parts of the lung are most at risk from microplastic exposure.

2025 International Journal of Multiphase Flow 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Regional and population-scale trends in human inhalation exposure to airborne microplastics: Implications for health risk assessment

Scientists built a model of how inhaled microplastics deposit throughout the human respiratory tract and found that the smallest particles (0.1-5 micrometers) penetrate deepest and contribute most to internal accumulation over time. The study also found that infants, children, and the elderly are most vulnerable to short-term airborne microplastic exposure, while adolescents and adults face greater risk from long-term accumulation.

2025 Environmental Pollution 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification and characterization of microplastics in human nasal samples

Researchers collected samples from human nasal cavities and confirmed the presence of microplastics, with polyethylene, polyester, acrylic, and polypropylene being the most common types. This finding adds the nose to the growing list of human body sites where microplastics have been detected, raising questions about potential health effects on the respiratory system.

2024 International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing inhalation intake of microplastics using MPPD model

Researchers used a computer model from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to estimate how many airborne microplastics people inhale and where they deposit in the lungs. They found that the estimated mass deposited in human lungs ranged from about 19 to 50 micrograms, with the deep lung region being of particular concern because particles there are cleared very slowly. The study highlights the urgent need to better measure the size distribution of airborne microplastics in the breathable range to accurately assess inhalation risks.

2025 Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 3 citations
Article Tier 2

In Silico Inhalation Exposure Analysis of Indoor Microplastics/Microfibers Using Two-Year-Old Child Respiratory Tract Model

Researchers used computational fluid-particle dynamics to simulate how indoor airborne microplastics are inhaled and deposited in the airways of a two-year-old child. The study modeled particle transport in a realistic airway geometry extending to the eighth bronchial generation under different postures. The findings suggest that young children may experience significant microplastic deposition in their developing lungs, highlighting the importance of indoor air quality for child health.

2026 Microplastics
Article Tier 2

Effect of microplastics deposition on human lung airways: A review with computational benefits and challenges

This review examines how microplastics deposited in human lungs can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced lung function. Because these tiny particles can reach deep into the lungs where oxygen enters the blood, they raise concerns about long-term respiratory disease and the possibility of spreading to other organs.

2024 Heliyon 126 citations
Article Tier 2

Modelling the effect of shape on atmospheric microplastic transport

Using atmospheric transport modeling, researchers showed that the shape of microplastic particles significantly affects how far they travel through the air. Long fibers can spread over a 32% larger area than spherical particles of the same size, and shape matters most for particles larger than 6 micrometers. Since particles in the 6 to 10 micrometer range can reach deep into human lungs, accurately accounting for shape is important for predicting where airborne microplastics end up and who might be breathing them in.

2024 Atmospheric Environment 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterization of the Morphological and Chemical Profile of Different Families of Microplastics in Samples of Breathable Air

Researchers characterized the morphological and chemical profiles of airborne microplastics collected from breathable air samples, finding diverse polymer types and particle shapes and examining how these particles are transported through the atmosphere to the air people breathe.

2023 Molecules 25 citations
Article Tier 2

The fate of airborne microfibers in the human respiratory tract in different microenvironments

Researchers modeled how airborne microplastic fibers deposit and clear from the human respiratory tract across different indoor and outdoor environments. They found that the largest fiber doses accumulated during bus travel and in certain indoor settings, with most deposited fibers eventually being cleared from the lungs to the digestive tract. The study suggests that inhaled microplastics represent a meaningful exposure pathway, particularly in enclosed spaces with poor ventilation.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantifying the influence of size, shape, and density of microplastics on their transport modes: A modeling approach

Researchers developed a computer model that predicts how microplastics of different sizes, shapes, and densities move through ocean water. The model accurately simulates whether particles float on the surface, stay suspended in the water column, or settle to the bottom. Understanding how microplastics travel through marine environments is important for predicting where contamination accumulates and which seafood sources are most likely to be affected.

2024 Marine Pollution Bulletin 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Presence of microplastics in human’s respiratory system: bronchoalveolar and bronchial lavage fluid

Researchers analyzed bronchial and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients undergoing bronchoscopy and confirmed the presence of microplastics in the human respiratory system. They characterized the types, sizes, and quantities of microplastic particles found at different levels of the airways. The study provides direct evidence that microplastics deposit within human lungs and suggests that respiratory exposure is a meaningful route of human microplastic intake.

2025 Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Exploring the potential and challenges of developing physiologically-based toxicokinetic models to support human health risk assessment of microplastic and nanoplastic particles

This review explores the challenge of building computer models to predict how micro- and nanoplastics move through the human body after being inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through the skin. While particle size and surface chemistry are well-studied, factors like shape, polymer type, and biological coatings need more attention. The authors propose a framework for a physiologically-based model that could help scientists better estimate how much plastic actually reaches human tissues.

2024 Environment International 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Study of suspended microplastics in indoor air to assess human exposure through inhalation

Researchers investigated suspended microplastics in indoor air to assess the extent of human exposure through inhalation. The study quantified airborne microplastic particles in indoor settings, providing data on a potentially important but understudied route of daily microplastic intake for the general population.

2026 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

The Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in the Nasal Airway and Upper Respiratory Tract

This review examines the effects of airborne microplastics on the upper respiratory tract and nasal region, an area largely overlooked despite being the initial point of contact with inhaled particles. The literature collectively indicates that microplastics may cause changes in cell morphology, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory effects in nasal tissues, with potential impacts on patient quality of life.

2025 Sinusitis 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of Shape and Size on Microplastic Atmospheric Settling Velocity

Researchers measured atmospheric settling and horizontal drift velocities of various microplastic shapes and sizes in controlled settling chambers, providing empirical data needed to improve atmospheric transport models that explain how microplastics reach remote environments.

2023 Environmental Science & Technology 39 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

The Effect of Nanoplastics and Microplastics on Lung Morphology and Physiology: a Systematic Review

This systematic review examines how inhaled microplastics and nanoplastics affect lung structure and function. The research found that indoor microplastic concentrations are often higher than outdoor levels due to household materials shedding fibers, and that inhaled particles can accumulate in different parts of the lungs. These findings suggest that breathing in plastic particles at home and work could contribute to respiratory health problems over time.

2024 The Medical and Ecological Problems 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Inhalable microplastics of different shapes disrupt airway epithelial homeostasis: A comparative study of fibers and irregular particles

Researchers compared the lung effects of fiber-shaped versus irregularly shaped microplastics in mice and cell models. They found that fibrous microplastics caused more severe airway damage, inflammation, and disruption of the protective mucus barrier than irregular particles. The study suggests that the shape of inhaled microplastics matters significantly for how much harm they may cause to the respiratory system.

2025 Environment International 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Why is inhalation the most discriminative route of microplastics exposure?

This review examined why inhalation is the most discriminative route of microplastic exposure, highlighting differences between indoor and outdoor airborne microplastics and the unique vulnerability of the respiratory system to polymer-specific particle characteristics.

2022 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23 citations