Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

From Protection to Pollution: The Impact of Mask Use on Micro(nano)plastic Release

This bibliographic review found that global mask consumption during COVID-19 reached as high as 2.5 trillion single-use masks per month, with Asia as the largest consumer, and documented how improper mask disposal releases microplastics and nanoplastics into terrestrial and aquatic environments.

2025 Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
Article Tier 2

Face masks: a COVID-19 protector or environmental contaminant?

This review examined how the massive global use of disposable face masks during COVID-19 has created a significant source of microplastic pollution, with billions of masks entering the environment and releasing plastic fibers and chemical contaminants.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Environmental risks of polymer materials from disposable face masks linked to the COVID-19 pandemic

This review examines how disposable face masks from the COVID-19 pandemic release microplastics into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, discussing combined pollutant effects and proposing green technologies to reduce mask-related plastic waste at its source.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 115 citations
Article Tier 2

Uncovering the Release of Micro/nanoplastics from Disposable Face Masks at Times of COVID-19

Researchers found that disposable face masks release significant amounts of micro- and nanoplastic particles when subjected to water exposure and mechanical stress similar to environmental conditions. This confirms that the massive use of masks during COVID-19 introduced new sources of microplastic pollution into the environment.

2021
Article Tier 2

The Bad Side of Face Masks and How Bacteria Can Help

This review examines how single-use face masks contributed to environmental microplastic pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic and explores how bacteria and other microorganisms might be harnessed to biodegrade mask-derived microplastics in wastewater treatment systems.

2025 Frontiers for Young Minds
Article Tier 2

A review of disposable facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on microplastics release

This review examines the environmental threats posed by disposable face masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on microplastic release. Researchers found that discarded masks undergo physical and chemical degradation in the environment, generating microplastics that contaminate both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The study provides an overview of current knowledge on microplastic extraction methods and proposes strategies for controlling mask-related plastic pollution through source reduction and improved waste management.

2022 Chemosphere 52 citations
Article Tier 2

Facemask Global Challenges: The Case of Effective Synthesis, Utilization, and Environmental Sustainability

This review examines the environmental challenges of surging face mask production during COVID-19, including their role as sources of microplastic pollution in water, and discusses sustainable alternatives including nanomaterial-based self-cleaning mask designs.

2022 Sustainability 26 citations
Review Tier 2

Face mask structure, degradation, and interaction with marine biota: A review

Single-use face masks, which surged in use during COVID-19, are a significant source of microplastic pollution because they degrade into tiny plastic fragments and also serve as rafts for harmful bacteria, pathogens including SARS-CoV-2, and antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic environments. This review underscores that the environmental and public health costs of mask disposal extend well beyond simple litter, carrying risks for water quality and the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of face mask microplastics pollution on the aquatic environment and aquaculture organisms

This review examines how the widespread use of disposable face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to microplastic pollution in aquatic environments. Researchers found that mask materials made from polymers like polypropylene break down into microplastics through UV radiation and weathering, causing harm to aquatic organisms including reduced growth, neurotoxicity, and increased mortality. The study recommends developing biodegradable alternatives to plastic-based face masks to reduce environmental impact.

2022 Environmental Pollution 56 citations
Article Tier 2

Antibacterial/Antiviral Face Masks: Processing, Characteristics, Challenges, and Sustainability

This review examines the development of antibacterial and antiviral face masks — including the materials, processing methods, and antimicrobial agents used — and discusses sustainability challenges associated with mask disposal. It is tangentially relevant to microplastics because single-use masks are now recognized as a significant emerging source of microplastic and nanoparticle pollution when they fragment in the environment, though this paper focuses primarily on mask performance and design rather than their pollution impact.

2023 MIST INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Uncovering the release of micro/nanoplastics from disposable face masks at times of COVID-19

Researchers investigated how disposable face masks release micro- and nanoplastics when exposed to mechanical stress in water, simulating environmental weathering. They found that even minimal deterioration of a single mask could release thousands of microplastic fibers and up to ten billion nanoscale particles. The study provides the first quantitative evidence of how pandemic-related mask waste may contribute to plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 171 citations
Article Tier 2

The COVID-19 pandemic face mask waste: A blooming threat to the marine environment.

This review examines how single-use face masks — billions of which were discarded during the COVID-19 pandemic — contribute to microplastic and microfiber pollution in marine environments when improperly disposed of. The pandemic created a massive new source of plastic pollution, with masks breaking down into microplastics and releasing chemical contaminants in the ocean.

2021 Chemosphere
Article Tier 2

Impact of microfiber pollution on aquatic biota: A critical analysis of effects and preventive measures

This review examines how microfibers from textiles, face masks, and other personal protective equipment are polluting aquatic environments, a problem worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Microfibers enter waterways through washing machines and waste treatment plants, where they can be ingested by aquatic organisms. The authors highlight the urgent need for better filtration technologies and waste management to reduce microfiber contamination in oceans and freshwater systems.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 42 citations
Article Tier 2

An ecotoxicological perspective of microplastics released by face masks

This review assessed the ecotoxicological hazard of microplastics derived from face masks, which were produced in unprecedented quantities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors identified significant uncertainties about real-world impact concentrations and called for standardized testing to better characterize the toxicity of face mask-derived microplastics to aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 60 citations
Article Tier 2

Release of microfibers from surgical face masks: an undesirable contributor to aquatic pollution

Researchers found that surgical face masks release large quantities of microfibers when exposed to aqueous conditions, identifying masks — whose global use surged during the COVID-19 pandemic — as a significant and underappreciated source of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.

2023 Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics/nanoplastics released from facemasks as contaminants of emerging concern

This review examines how disposable facemasks, made primarily from polypropylene and polyethylene, release microplastics and nanoplastics into the environment. Chemical, physical, and biological processes break down discarded masks into tiny plastic particles that persist in ecosystems. Given the billions of masks used during COVID-19, this represents a significant and growing source of microplastic pollution.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 31 citations
Article Tier 2

The Fate of Microplastics, Derived from Disposable Masks, in Natural Aquatic Environments

This review examines the fate of microplastic fibers released from disposable face masks in aquatic environments, noting that used masks can release up to 10,000 microplastic pieces per day per mask. The review covers transport mechanisms, surface interactions, and potential ecological impacts of mask-derived microplastics in water bodies.

2024 Toxics 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanotechnology-Enhanced Face Masks: Future Scopes and Perspectives

This review assessed nanotechnology-based approaches for creating reusable face masks, motivated by the massive single-use mask waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nano-enhanced masks with antimicrobial and self-cleaning properties were identified as a promising path toward reducing both environmental contamination and pathogen transmission.

2022 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario

Researchers investigated how disposable surgical face masks, widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic, could become a significant new source of microplastic pollution. The study notes that masks made of polymeric materials can release microplastic fibers into aquatic environments where they may be ingested by fish and other organisms. The findings suggest that face mask waste deserves focused attention as a microplastic source, including better waste management systems.

2020 Marine Pollution Bulletin 734 citations
Article Tier 2

Face masks as a source of nanoplastics and microplastics in the environment: Quantification, characterization, and potential for bioaccumulation

Researchers found that each surgical or N95 face mask can release over one billion nanoplastic and microplastic particles, mostly smaller than one micrometer, when they break down. The study also detected microplastics in the nasal mucus of mask wearers, suggesting inhalation exposure during use. Additionally, mask-derived particles were shown to adsorb onto marine organisms across different levels of the food chain, raising concerns about both human health and environmental impacts.

2021 Environmental Pollution 223 citations
Article Tier 2

The Release Potential of Microplastics from Face Masks into the Aquatic Environment

This study examined the release of microplastics from new and naturally aged surgical and FFP2 face masks exposed to environmental conditions and water, finding that both types released particles, particularly after weathering. Improper disposal of face masks poses a growing source of microplastic contamination in aquatic environments.

2023 Sustainability 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Face masks: protecting the wearer but neglecting the aquatic environment? - A perspective from Bangladesh

This perspective paper argues that the surge in single-use face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh has significantly increased plastic waste and microplastic pollution entering aquatic environments, calling for sustainable mask disposal policies.

2021 Environmental Challenges 65 citations
Article Tier 2

Post-pandemic micro/nanoplastic pollution: Toward a sustainable management

Researchers reviewed how the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to micro- and nanoplastic pollution through the massive use of disposable personal protective equipment like masks and gloves. The study found that weathering of these items releases microplastics into the environment and may even serve as carriers for pathogens. The review calls for more sustainable waste management approaches in preparing for future health crises.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Significant Fragmentation of Disposable Surgical Masks—Enormous Source for Problematic Micro/Nanoplastics Pollution in the Environment

Researchers found that improperly discarded disposable surgical masks lose up to 30% of their mass within one month outdoors, releasing micro- and nanoplastic particles from all five mask components through photodegradation and leaching into aquatic environments.

2022 Sustainability 7 citations