Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Evaluating the Presence of Marine Litter in Cetaceans Stranded in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Sea)

Researchers performed necropsies on cetaceans stranded in the Balearic Islands of the western Mediterranean Sea, documenting for the first time the presence, types, and quantities of ingested and entangled plastic marine litter, contributing evidence on plastic debris impacts to cetacean populations in this region.

2022 Biology 16 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic pollution and ocean giants: Investigating the extent and impacts of plastic ingestion by marine megafauna

This review examined the extent to which large ocean-going animals such as whales and whale sharks ingest and are harmed by plastic pollution, synthesizing data from stranding records and feeding observations. The evidence indicates that plastic ingestion is widespread among ocean giants, with documented cases of mortality and sublethal effects.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Cetaceans and Marine Debris: The Great Unknown

This review examines evidence for plastic and marine debris ingestion and entanglement in cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), finding that while cases of illness and death from plastic ingestion have been documented, many questions about the extent of the problem remain unanswered. The authors call for better standardized reporting to understand the true scale of marine debris impacts on these animals.

2012 Journal of Marine Biology 108 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic ingestion by harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Netherlands: Establishing a standardised method

Researchers examined the stomachs of over 650 harbour porpoises from the Netherlands and found that the rate of plastic ingestion was more than double (15% vs 7%) when a dedicated, standardized detection protocol was used compared to routine inspection. Polyethylene and polypropylene were the most common plastic types found, and the litter appeared to be accidentally swallowed while the animals fed near the sea floor.

2018 AMBIO 62 citations
Article Tier 2

Tools and constraints in monitoring interactions between marine litter and megafauna: Insights from case studies around the world

Researchers synthesized case studies from seven global monitoring programs on marine litter interactions with megafauna — including fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals — examining both macro-debris entanglement and microplastic ingestion, and discussed the critical need for standardized assessment methods to support international environmental policy.

2019 Marine Pollution Bulletin 84 citations
Article Tier 2

Marine litter: One of the major threats for marine mammals. Outcomes from the European Cetacean Society workshop

This European Cetacean Society workshop review compiled expert knowledge on the impacts of marine litter on marine mammals, finding that plastic ingestion and entanglement negatively affect a wide range of cetacean species globally. Researchers identified critical data gaps and recommended standardised monitoring protocols to better quantify mortality and sub-lethal effects.

2019 Environmental Pollution 128 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in fecal samples of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) and from surface water in the Philippines

Researchers documented microplastic ingestion by whale sharks in the Philippines through fecal sample analysis and compared it with surface water contamination, providing direct evidence that these filter-feeding megafauna ingest microplastics in a recognized pollution hotspot.

2021 Microplastics and Nanoplastics 35 citations
Article Tier 2

Interactions between marine megafauna and plastic pollution in Southeast Asia

Researchers reviewed published cases of marine megafauna — including sharks, dolphins, sea turtles, and seabirds — entangled in or having ingested plastics across Southeast Asia, a region that contributes roughly a third of global marine plastic pollution. Despite the scale of the problem, scientific documentation of plastic impacts on wildlife in the region remains far behind other parts of the world, highlighting a critical data gap.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 37 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic ingestion by two cetacean groups: Ziphiidae and Delphinidae

Researchers combined field data and historical records on plastic ingestion across 623 stranded cetaceans globally, finding that beaked whales accumulate more macro-, meso-, and microplastics than striped dolphins — likely due to deep-diving feeding behavior — with the highest concentrations in the Western Pacific and Eastern Spain respectively.

2023 Environmental Pollution 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Cetaceans as Ocean Health Indicators of Marine Litter Impact at Global Scale

This review synthesized global evidence on how marine litter, including both macro- and micro-scale plastic, impacts cetacean species through entanglement and ingestion. It called for better understanding of current and predicted impacts to inform conservation measures for whale and dolphin populations.

2020 Frontiers in Environmental Science 55 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantifying ingested debris in marine megafauna: a review and recommendations for standardization

This review examined published methods for quantifying ingested plastic debris in marine megafauna — including whales, turtles, and sharks — and found wide variation in reporting practices. The authors propose standardized protocols for sample collection, processing, and data reporting to enable meaningful comparisons across species and regions.

2016 Analytical Methods 473 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in large marine animals stranded in the Republic of Korea

Researchers analyzed microplastics in the digestive tracts of 12 stranded marine animals in South Korea, including whales, porpoises, dolphins, and sea turtles, detecting microplastic contamination across all species examined between 2019 and 2021.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of Cetacean Strandings Along the Moroccan Mediterranean Coast: Spatial and Temporal Patterns

Researchers analyzed 187 cetacean stranding events along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast from 2016 to 2024, finding 14 species affected — predominantly toothed whales — with bycatch, ship strikes, and marine pollution (including plastics) among the leading identified mortality causes.

2025 Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries
Article Tier 2

Are baleen whales exposed to the threat of microplastics? A case study of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

This case study estimated how many microplastics Mediterranean fin whales and basking sharks might ingest through filter feeding, using feeding rate data and measured microplastic concentrations. The study raised concern that large filter feeders accumulate significant plastic loads and that the associated chemical burden from sorbed pollutants may pose health risks to these protected species.

2012 Marine Pollution Bulletin 562 citations
Article Tier 2

Marine Mammals and Interactions with Debris in the Northeastern Atlantic Region: Synthesis and Recommendations for Monitoring and Research

This synthesis reviews what is known about interactions between marine mammals in the northeastern Atlantic and plastic debris, including ingestion and entanglement. The authors identify data gaps and recommend standardized monitoring approaches to better understand and mitigate plastic impacts on whales, dolphins, and seals.

2023
Article Tier 2

Large filter feeding marine organisms as indicators of microplastic in the pelagic environment: The case studies of the Mediterranean basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

This study investigated whether baleen whales and basking sharks — large filter feeders — ingest microplastics in the Mediterranean and found evidence that both species are exposed to plastic contamination through their filtration feeding behavior. The authors used feeding ecology modeling to estimate plastic ingestion rates and identify associated toxicological risks.

2014 Marine Environmental Research 435 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics Prevalence in Different Cetaceans Stranded along the Western Taiwan Strait

Researchers examined microplastic prevalence in nine stranded cetaceans of four species along the Western Taiwan Strait, including common dolphins and pygmy sperm whales. Microplastics were detected in the majority of animals, with fibers as the dominant type, highlighting widespread plastic ingestion by apex marine predators in this region.

2024 Animals 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Contribution of social media to cetacean research in Southeast Asia: illuminating populations vulnerable to litter

Researchers used social media data to identify cetacean (whale and dolphin) sightings and entanglement with marine litter in Southeast Asia, filling critical knowledge gaps about plastic pollution impacts on marine mammals. The study shows social media can be a valuable tool for conservation research in regions with limited scientific monitoring.

2021 Biodiversity and Conservation 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Pathological findings in stranded harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) with special focus on anthropogenic causes

Post-mortem examination of 612 harbor porpoises stranded in the Netherlands between 2008 and an unspecified end year revealed that anthropogenic causes including bycatch, vessel strikes, and entanglement were among the leading causes of death. The surveillance program identified plastic ingestion in a subset of animals and highlighted the North Sea as a high-risk environment for this sentinel species.

2022 Frontiers in Marine Science 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic in a macro filter feeder: Humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae

Researchers documented the first confirmed presence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of a baleen whale (humpback whale), finding multiple polymer types including polyethylene, polypropylene, and PET in particle sizes from 1 mm to 17 cm, reflecting both the diversity of marine plastic pollution and the unselective filter-feeding strategy of these large marine mammals.

2015 Marine Pollution Bulletin 433 citations
Article Tier 2

Pathologic findings and causes of death of stranded cetaceans in the Canary Islands (2006-2012)

The causes of death of 224 cetaceans stranded on the Canary Islands between 2006 and 2012 were determined by necropsy, with natural causes (good nutritional status, 33.6%) and nutritional stress (23.5%) being most common, but foreign body-related pathology (including plastic ingestion) identified as a cause of death in a subset of animals. The study provides forensic evidence that plastic ingestion contributes to cetacean mortality in this eastern Atlantic region.

2018 PLoS ONE 133 citations
Article Tier 2

Association of ocean macroplastic debris with stranded sea turtles in the Central Gulf of Thailand

Researchers retrospectively analyzed records of 388 stranded sea turtles in the Central Gulf of Thailand from 2017-2020 and examined macroplastics from the gastrointestinal tracts of 30 dead turtles and 13 beaches, finding that green turtles (Chelonia mydas) comprised the majority of strandings and that plastic ingestion and entanglement were significant mortality factors.

2022 Endangered Species Research 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Understanding individual and population-level effects of plastic pollution on marine megafauna

Researchers reviewed 50 years of published studies on how plastic pollution affects marine megafauna including seabirds, marine mammals, and sea turtles at both individual and population levels. While numerous individual-level effects were documented, including starvation, injury, and reproductive impairment from entanglement and ingestion, no study provided direct evidence of population-level declines. The study highlights a critical gap in understanding whether the widespread individual harm from plastic pollution is translating into measurable population consequences for these species.

2020 Endangered Species Research 123 citations
Article Tier 2

Marine litter, microplastics and marine megafauna

This review examines the entanglement and ingestion of marine litter, particularly plastic, by megafauna including whales, dolphins, turtles, and seabirds. It documents how both large plastic debris and microplastics threaten charismatic marine species through physical injury, starvation, and toxicological effects.

2019 Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) 1 citations