Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Preliminary investigations of microplastic pollution in karst systems, from surface watercourses to cave waters

This study collected water samples from surface streams and connected cave waters in a karst system in Italy to document microplastic pollution in groundwater-linked environments. Microplastics including fibers and fragments were detected throughout the karst system, demonstrating that plastics infiltrate even protected underground aquifers.

2022 Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 62 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution calls for urgent investigations in stygobiont habitats: A case study from Classical karst

Researchers examined microplastic pollution in karst cave systems in the Classical Karst region, finding that these underground habitats harbor significant contamination. The study suggests that vulnerable cave-dwelling species may be consuming microplastics, which could undermine conservation efforts for protected groundwater ecosystems and the species that depend on them.

2024 Journal of Environmental Management 20 citations
Article Tier 2

The invisible problem of microplastics and microfibres in karst systems and aquifers: a multidisciplinary approach

This thesis investigates how microplastics and microfibres move through karst (limestone) systems and underground aquifers using a multidisciplinary approach, a concern because karst aquifers supply drinking water to roughly a quarter of the global population and are particularly vulnerable to contamination given their direct hydraulic connections to the surface.

2026 Politecnico di Torino
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution in vulnerable karst environments: case study from the Slovenian classical karst region

Researchers sampled karst springs, caves, and other habitats in Slovenia's classical karst region and detected microplastics across multiple sites, including springs used for drinking water, raising concerns about plastic contamination of these ecologically sensitive and hydrologically connected underground environments.

2022 Acta Carsologica 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in caves: A new threat in the most famous geo-heritage in the world. Analysis and comparison of Italian show caves deposits

Italian show caves were found to contain microplastics throughout their sediments, with tourist areas having higher concentrations (average 4300 items/kg) than non-tourist areas (2570 items/kg), dominated by sub-millimeter polyester and polyolefin fibres.

2023 Journal of Environmental Management 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantifying anthropogenic microparticle contamination in cave sediments: spatial heterogeneity matters

Microplastics and other anthropogenic particles were quantified in cave sediments, providing a record of atmospheric and terrestrial contamination reaching underground environments. The presence of microplastics in caves demonstrates the pervasive spread of plastic pollution into even secluded geological environments.

2025 Environmental Pollution 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The invisible environmental impact of tourism in show caves: microplastic pollution in three Italian show caves

This study found microplastic contamination in sediment deposits of three show caves in northwestern Italy, including a cave that serves as a drinking water reservoir. The results show that even remote underground ecosystems are not protected from microplastic pollution, posing potential risks to groundwater quality.

2023 Global NEST International Conference on Environmental Science & Technology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Cave sediment sequesters anthropogenic microparticles (including microplastics and modified cellulose) in subsurface environments

Researchers sampled water and sediment from a US cave during a flood event and found anthropogenic microparticles at all sites, with sediment concentrations roughly 100 times higher than in water, demonstrating that cave sediments sequester microplastic and cellulosic fiber pollution in subsurface environments.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Pristine Caves of the Classic Karst (NE Italy): A First Assessment of Contamination Levels

Researchers conducted the first assessment of microplastic contamination in pristine, remote cave systems in the Classic Karst region of northeastern Italy. The study found microplastics present even in extremely isolated underground environments hydraulically connected to the Reka/Timavo River, demonstrating the pervasive reach of microplastic pollution into previously uncontaminated ecosystems.

2026 Microplastics
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution in show cave sediments: First evidence and detection technique

Microplastic particles were detected for the first time in the sediments of a show cave in Spain, establishing that caves and karst aquifers are not insulated from surface plastic pollution and that sediment deposition in these environments can archive records of microplastic contamination.

2021 Environmental Pollution 78 citations
Article Tier 2

Adherence of Polystyrene Microspheres on Cave Sediment: Implications for Organic Contaminants and Microplastics in Karst Systems

This study found that polystyrene microspheres adhere readily to cave sediment particles in karst aquifer systems, with implications for how microplastics and organic contaminants are transported through karst groundwater. Karst systems may act as pathways for microplastics to reach groundwater supplies used for drinking water.

2023 Environmental and Engineering Geoscience
Article Tier 2

Extensive abundances and characteristics of microplastic pollution in the karst hyporheic zones of urban rivers

Researchers found high microplastic abundances — averaging 2,273 items per kilogram — in river sediments across ten karst cities in southwest China, with polyamide the dominant polymer, highlighting the elevated pollution risk in karst ecosystems where contaminants travel long distances underground.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Explorations in the dark continent: Did microplastics and microfibres get here before us?

Researchers investigated previously unexplored caves to determine whether microplastic pollution has reached underground environments that humans have never entered. They found microplastics and microfibers present even in these pristine subterranean habitats, carried in by water flow and air currents. The findings demonstrate that microplastic contamination extends to some of Earth's most remote and isolated environments.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Contamination in Karst Groundwater Systems

Springs and wells from two karst aquifers in Illinois were found to contain microplastics exclusively as fibers (up to 15.2 particles/L), with their presence correlated with phosphate, chloride, and triclosan, suggesting septic effluent as the source. The study demonstrates that karst groundwater systems used for drinking water are vulnerable to microplastic contamination infiltrating through their open, conduit-dominated architecture.

2019 Ground Water 479 citations
Article Tier 2

Floods enhance the abundance and diversity of anthropogenic microparticles (including microplastics and treated cellulose) transported through karst systems

This study examined how flood events affect microplastic transport through karst (limestone cave) water systems. Researchers found that floods dramatically increased both the amount and variety of microplastic particles moving through underground waterways. The findings matter because karst systems supply drinking water to about 25% of the global population, and flood-driven pulses of microplastics could contaminate these water sources.

2023 Water Research 32 citations
Article Tier 2

Shedding light on the invisible: addressing the potential for groundwater contamination by plastic microfibers

Researchers examined the potential for synthetic microplastic fibers shed from textiles during washing to contaminate groundwater systems, finding that current understanding of microfiber behavior in aquifers is very limited and calling for targeted research on this largely overlooked contamination pathway.

2019 Hydrogeology Journal 139 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastics underground: microplastic pollution in South African freshwater caves and associated biota

Scientists discovered microplastic contamination in underground freshwater caves in South Africa, including in cave water, sediment, and small crustaceans living there. This finding is notable because it shows microplastics have reached even remote, subterranean environments, and cave-dwelling animals are ingesting them.

2025 Hydrobiologia 12 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Lost in the Dark: Current Evidence and Knowledge Gaps About Microplastic Pollution in Natural Caves

This systematic review summarizes emerging evidence on microplastic pollution inside natural caves, an environment most people would not expect to be contaminated. The findings reveal that microplastics have reached even these remote underground ecosystems through water flow and air circulation, highlighting just how widespread plastic pollution has become.

2024 Environments 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Subterranean transport of microplastics as evidenced in karst springs and their characterization using Raman spectroscopy

Raman micro-spectroscopy confirmed the presence of microplastics in karst spring water from rural Romania, with concentrations of 0.034-0.06 fragments or fibres per liter, demonstrating subterranean transport of microplastics through karst aquifer systems.

2023 Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 20 citations
Article Tier 2

(Micro-)Plastics in Saturated and Unsaturated Groundwater Bodies: First Evidence of Presence in Groundwater Fauna and Habitats

Researchers investigated microplastic contamination in three Italian groundwater systems, including karst caves and an alluvial aquifer, providing early evidence that microplastics are present in underground water habitats. The study also found that groundwater-dwelling invertebrates had ingested microplastic particles, raising concerns about pollution impacts on these fragile and largely unstudied ecosystems.

2024 Sustainability 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic particles in karst and alluvial aquifers

Researchers studied microplastic particle occurrence and distribution in karst and alluvial aquifer systems, investigating how these subsurface environments serve as sinks or conduits for plastic pollution. The study contributed data on groundwater microplastic contamination in geologically distinct aquifer types.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Spatial distribution characteristics and migration of microplastics in surface water, groundwater and sediment in karst areas: The case of Yulong River in Guilin, Southwest China

Researchers investigated microplastic distribution in surface water, sediment, and groundwater in the karst landscape of the Yulong River in Guilin, China. They found microplastic pollution across all water compartments, with living areas showing the highest contamination and tourism-related disposable plastics identified as a primary source. The study suggests that microplastics reach groundwater through hydraulic exchange with surface water in karst areas rather than through soil infiltration.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 114 citations
Article Tier 2

Distribution and Abundance of Microplastics in Underground Rivers in the South Malang Karst Area: First Evidence in Indonesia

Researchers documented microplastic contamination in underground rivers within a karst limestone region of South Malang, Indonesia, providing the first evidence of such pollution in the country's groundwater systems. They detected microplastics in all water samples, with fibers being the dominant type. The findings challenge the assumption that karst rock formations act as natural filters, suggesting that surface plastic pollution can penetrate into underground water sources.

2024 JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic particles in karst and alluvial aquifers

Researchers investigated the occurrence and characteristics of microplastic particles in both karst and alluvial aquifer systems, examining how plastic particles migrate through these distinct subsurface geological environments. The study addressed a significant knowledge gap regarding groundwater contamination by microplastics in aquifers that differ in their hydrogeological properties and filtration capacity.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)