Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Analysis of microplastics in ships ballast water and its ecological risk assessment studies from the Persian Gulf

Researchers analyzed microplastic contamination in ships' ballast water collected from the Persian Gulf, assessing the ecological risks of transporting plastic particles across ocean regions. The study found significant microplastic concentrations in ballast water samples, suggesting that international shipping may serve as an important vector for spreading microplastic pollution between marine ecosystems.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 36 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Ship Sewage and Solutions to Limit Their Spread: A Case Study

Researchers found microplastic particles in both grey water and post-treatment sewage from transport ships, with mean concentrations of 72 particles per litre in grey water and 51 per litre in treated sewage, demonstrating that ships represent a significant and underregulated source of microplastic pollution in protected marine areas.

2022 Water 21 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic generation and emission from ship's greywater

Researchers investigated microplastic concentrations and characteristics in greywater discharged from three vessel types - a research vessel, a container ship, and passenger ships - and estimated total microplastic emissions from global commercial shipping. The study found that untreated ship greywater represents a significant but unregulated sea-based microplastic source, with passenger vessels generating the highest microplastic loads per volume of discharge.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Assessment of Microplastic Abundance and Discharge from Greywater of Ships

Researchers quantified microplastics in ship greywater from showers, washbasins, laundry, and dishwashers and found that laundry sources produced the highest microplastic concentrations. Since greywater can be discharged to the sea without treatment in most areas, ships contribute substantially to marine microplastic pollution. The study supports the case for regulating greywater discharge from vessels.

2023
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in ballast water and limiting movement in the global aquatic environment: A case study

Researchers detected microplastics in purified ballast water from ships, demonstrating that treated ballast water can still inadvertently transport plastic pollution between different marine environments worldwide. The microplastics were identified as originating from degraded plastic products and showed signs of environmental weathering. The study highlights an overlooked pathway for global microplastic distribution and suggests that current ballast water treatment standards may be insufficient to prevent this form of contamination.

2025 Marine Pollution Bulletin 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Investigation of plastic and microplastic waste from ships in the marine environment

Researchers investigated plastic and microplastic waste originating from ships in the marine environment, examining the types, quantities, and pathways by which vessel operations contribute to marine plastic pollution. The study addresses a relatively underexplored source of marine plastic contamination compared to land-based inputs.

2024 Istanbul Technical University Academic Open Archive (Istanbul Technical University)
Article Tier 2

Microplastic generation and emission from ship's greywater

Researchers measured microplastic abundances and characteristics in greywater from different vessel types — a research vessel, a container ship, and passenger ships — and estimated global microplastic emissions from the discharge of untreated ship greywater. They found a mean abundance of 135,563 particles/m3 in research vessel greywater with fibers comprising about 66% of particles, identifying greywater discharge as a significant and largely unregulated sea-based microplastic source.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Sources and Leakages of Microplastics in Cruise Ship Wastewater

Researchers investigated microplastic sources and leakages from cruise ship wastewater systems, finding that onboard laundry, food waste processing, and sewage treatment all contribute microplastics to discharge, with poorly filtered grey water representing a significant and underregulated pathway to the ocean.

2022 Frontiers in Marine Science 30 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in greywater from a research vessel

Microplastics were found in greywater from a research vessel across multiple water usage types, with laundry water showing the highest microplastic concentrations, identifying ships as an underappreciated sea-based source of microplastic pollution.

2023 Environmental Pollution 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and Characteristics of Microplastics in in a Ship’s Greywater According to Usage Patterns

This study sampled greywater from different ship compartments — galleys, laundries, showers, and washbasins — and found that microplastics were present in all compartments, with laundry being the largest source. The results show that ships discharge significant quantities of microplastics through greywater, which can be legally released directly to the sea in most ocean zones. The findings highlight ships as an important but underregulated source of marine microplastic pollution.

2023
Article Tier 2

Quantification of microplastics in ship-generated greywater and their contribution to Baltic marine pollution

Ships are a poorly studied but potentially significant source of microplastic pollution in enclosed seas. This study measured microplastic concentrations in eight greywater (sink, shower, and laundry) discharge streams from five vessels operating in the Baltic Sea, finding concentrations up to 600,000 particles per cubic meter in laundry wastewater. PET fibers from synthetic textiles dominated the samples. Extrapolating to the entire Roll-on/Roll-off ferry fleet operating in the Baltic, the researchers estimated a substantial annual microplastic load entering one of Europe's most ecologically sensitive and contaminated marine environments.

2026 Environmental Pollution
Article Tier 2

Pollution of the Sea by Maritime Traffic

This Slovenian thesis examines how maritime shipping contributes to sea pollution through fuel emissions, cargo spills, ballast water discharge, and other vessel operations. While not focused exclusively on microplastics, shipping is a recognized pathway for plastic debris entering the ocean.

2023 Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)
Article Tier 2

Research status and prospect of microplastics in ship grey water

This review examines microplastic pollution in ship grey water, covering potential sources, current management measures, and progress in qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques for characterizing marine grey water microplastics. The authors propose future research directions including standardized analytical frameworks and improved estimation methods for marine plastic inputs from vessels.

2024 E3S Web of Conferences
Article Tier 2

Estimating total microplastic loads to the marine environment as a result of ship biofouling in-water cleaning

Researchers estimated that the global shipping industry could be releasing thousands of tons of microplastics annually through the wear, maintenance, and cleaning of marine coatings on commercial vessels. Predictive modeling showed that bulk carriers are the largest contributors, and manual biofouling cleaning by divers generates more microplastics than mechanized cleaning systems with debris capture. The study highlights ship coatings as an underappreciated but substantial source of marine microplastic pollution.

2024 Frontiers in Marine Science 14 citations
Review Tier 2

A Review of Microplastics Research in the Shipbuilding and Maritime Transport Industry

This review examined microplastic research specifically focused on the shipbuilding and maritime transport industry, an underexplored source of plastic contamination in marine environments. The authors found that ship maintenance, antifouling paint degradation, and fiber rope wear generate significant quantities of microplastics that largely escape current monitoring frameworks.

2025 Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Article Tier 2

Characterization of microplastic distribution, sources and potential ecological risk assessment of domestic sewage from ships

Researchers characterized microplastic pollution in domestic sewage from ships, analyzing both black water and gray water using infrared spectroscopy. They found significant quantities of microplastics, primarily fibers and fragments from synthetic textiles and packaging materials. The study highlights ship-generated wastewater as an underrecognized source of microplastic contamination entering marine environments.

2025 Environmental Research 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Gray Water from Ships: A Significant Sea-Based Source of Microplastics?

This viewpoint argues that gray water discharged from ships is a significant but underappreciated sea-based source of microplastics, as laundry and dishwashing effluents contain synthetic fibers and plastic fragments that are released directly to ocean waters without treatment.

2021 Environmental Science & Technology 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Research vessel survey & assessment of surface marine microplastics: a comparative study between international water and the united arab emirates

Researchers conducted ship-based surveys to assess the diversity and abundance of microplastics in surface seawater, comparing results across different oceanic regions and collection methods. The study identified significant variability in microplastic concentrations related to proximity to land and shipping routes.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

A simple technique to mitigate microplastic pollution and its mobility (via ballast water) in the global ocean

This commentary proposes a simple and inexpensive modification to ship ballast water treatment systems—adding a multi-layer mesh screening chamber—to reduce the transfer of microplastics across ocean basins. Ballast water exchange is recognized as a significant pathway for spreading microplastic pollution globally.

2021 Environmental Pollution 18 citations
Article Tier 2

The Role of MARPOL in Reducing Microplastic Pollution: Implications for Marine Species Health

This paper assessed the effectiveness of MARPOL (the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) in reducing marine microplastic pollution, examining how ship-sourced plastic waste regulations are implemented and enforced. It found significant compliance gaps and called for stronger international mechanisms.

2024 Engineering Daily Book Series.
Article Tier 2

Identifying and managing ship paint microplastic pollution along the supply chain: a shipbuilding case study

This case study examined how shipbuilding supply chain activities contribute to ship paint microplastic pollution, which accounts for more than half of ocean microplastic contamination. Researchers found that specific project characteristics, strategies, and paint-related operations during shipbuilding can generate microplastic pollution across the entire project lifecycle. The study highlights the need for new regulations and industry policies to manage this significant but overlooked source of marine pollution.

2025 Marine Pollution Bulletin 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Qualitative and quantitative assessment of microplastics derived from antifouling paint in effluent from ship hull hydroblasting and their emission into the marine environment

Researchers analyzed microplastic contamination generated during ship hull hydroblasting, a common maintenance procedure. They found that a single vessel produced billions of paint-derived particles, with the vast majority smaller than 5 millimeters and composed primarily of acrylic polymers. The study identifies ship maintenance activities as a significant but often overlooked source of microplastic emissions into marine environments.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 19 citations
Review Tier 2

Microplastic Pollution in Seawater: A Review Study

This review study systematically evaluated recent data on microplastic contamination in seawater, synthesizing findings on distribution, concentration, polymer types, and ecological impacts in marine ecosystems. The evidence confirms that microplastic pollution is a growing global concern with documented negative effects on marine biota.

2023 Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 5 citations
Article Tier 2

An Ecological Sustainability Assessment Approach for Strategic Decision Making in International Shipping

This paper develops an ecological sustainability assessment framework for international shipping, examining pollution, biodiversity impacts, and resource use. While not focused on microplastics specifically, shipping is a significant source of marine plastic pollution through cargo spills, lost fishing gear, and ship-generated waste. Incorporating plastic pollution into shipping sustainability assessments could help reduce this contribution.

2021 Sustainability 11 citations