Papers

20 results
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Article Tier 2

A review on cigarette butts: Environmental abundance, characterization, and toxic pollutants released into water from cigarette butts

This review examines the environmental impact of discarded cigarette butts, which number in the trillions worldwide each year and are among the most common litter items. Researchers found that cigarette filters release harmful substances including heavy metals, nicotine, and cellulose acetate microplastic fibers when they enter water. The study highlights that cigarette butt pollution represents a significant but often overlooked source of both chemical contamination and microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 24 citations
Review Tier 2

A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts

Researchers reviewed the environmental pollution caused by the use and disposal of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, including their role as a source of microplastic contamination. Cigarette butts made of cellulose acetate are minimally degradable and represent a major source of both bulk plastic and microplastic pollution, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. The study documents that cigarette butt leachate and nicotine are toxic to a wide range of organisms from microbes to mammals.

2021 Sustainability 73 citations
Article Tier 2

Cigarette filters as a major source of microfibers in aquatic environments.

This study found that discarded cigarette butts persistently release cellulose acetate microfibers into aquatic environments, identifying cigarette filters as a major and underappreciated source of microfiber pollution. The research quantified microfiber release rates under simulated environmental conditions.

2025 Scientific reports
Article Tier 2

Different faces of cigarette butts, the most abundant beach litter worldwide.

Cigarette butts collected from an urban beach were characterized at different stages of physical and chemical degradation, revealing they shed cellulose acetate microplastic fibers and leach toxic chemicals as they break down. As the most abundant beach litter worldwide, cigarette butts represent a significant but often overlooked source of plastic fibers and chemical contamination in marine environments.

2022 Environmental science and pollution research international
Article Tier 2

Smoked cigarette butts: Unignorable source for environmental microplastic fibers

Researchers highlight that discarded cigarette butts, made of cellulose acetate plastic, are an overlooked but major source of environmental microplastic fibers, with each butt containing over 15,000 detachable plastic strands. They estimate that approximately 300,000 tons of potential microplastic fibers from cigarette butts may enter aquatic environments annually. The study notes that these fibers also carry toxic substances like nicotine and carcinogenic compounds that can harm aquatic organisms.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 102 citations
Article Tier 2

Tiny but Deadly: a Threat to Environment

This study quantified toxic metals leaching from discarded cigarette butts — the most common form of plastic litter — finding that both the filter and the whole butt release metals into water. Cigarette filters are made from cellulose acetate plastic and represent a poorly recognized source of chemical pollution in the environment.

2023 PARIPEX INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
Article Tier 2

Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern

Researchers investigated whether cigarette butts are a significant source of microfiber pollution by analyzing smoked and unsmoked filters. They found that cigarette filters release large quantities of cellulose acetate microfibers, with smoked filters releasing even more than unsmoked ones due to degradation during use. The study identifies discarded cigarette butts as an overlooked but substantial contributor to microplastic pollution in the environment.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 201 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic fibers and leachates from cigarette butts: environmental impacts, toxicological concerns, and circular economy-driven solutions

This review of existing research shows that cigarette butts are the world's most common plastic trash, slowly breaking down into tiny plastic fibers that spread harmful chemicals like nicotine and heavy metals into water and soil. These microplastics hurt fish and other animals by changing their behavior and building up in their bodies, which could affect the entire food chain. Since humans eat fish and use water from these contaminated environments, cigarette butt pollution may pose health risks that need more research and better cleanup solutions.

2026 Environmental Research
Article Tier 2

Quantitative assessment and spatial distribution of macroplastic and cigarette butt contamination in Bushehr's stormwater system near the sensitive Persian Gulf coast

This study assessed the abundance and spatial distribution of macroplastics and cigarette butts across multiple sites, quantifying their contribution to environmental microplastic pollution as cellulose acetate filters degrade. Cigarette butts emerged as a significant and underappreciated source of plastic contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments.

2025 Marine Pollution Bulletin
Article Tier 2

Microplastics from cigarette filters: Comparative effects on selected terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates

Researchers compared the effects of microplastics from smoked and unsmoked cigarette filters on both land and water invertebrates. Smoked filter microplastics were more toxic due to the added chemicals from tobacco smoke, causing reduced survival and reproduction in the test organisms. Since cigarette butts are one of the most littered items worldwide, this study shows they are a significant and underappreciated source of toxic microplastic pollution in the environment.

2025 Environmental Pollution 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Research on the presence of cigarette butts and their leaching of chemical pollutants and microparticles: the case of Dalian, China

This study quantified toxic substances (heavy metals, PAHs, and microplastics) leached from littered cigarette butts from major Chinese brands, providing data on the pollution contribution of cigarette butt litter in urban Chinese environments.

2023 Frontiers in Marine Science 21 citations
Article Tier 2

The unignorable ecological impact of cigarette butts in the ocean: an underestimated and under-researched concern

This opinion piece argues that cigarette butts — which contain plastic cellulose acetate filters that fragment into microplastics — are a significantly underestimated source of ocean plastic pollution. Billions of cigarette butts are discarded each year, and recognizing them as a major microplastic source is important for designing more effective litter-reduction policies.

2023 Frontiers in Marine Science 8 citations
Article Tier 2

The impacts of littered cigarette butts on the common periwinkle (Littorina littorea)

This study assessed how littered cigarette butts, estimated at 4.5 trillion discarded annually, affect the common periwinkle snail after entering waterways, where cellulose acetate filters leach toxic chemicals. Cigarette butt exposure caused measurable harm to periwinkles, demonstrating that this overlooked litter type poses a genuine ecotoxicological risk.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Review Tier 2

A review of occurrence and concentrations of cellulose acetate and other artificial cellulose microfibers in aquatic environmental matrices: an indicator of cigarette butts’ contamination?

This review examines the occurrence of cellulose acetate microfibers in aquatic environments, primarily originating from discarded cigarette butts, which are among the most littered items worldwide. The authors found that cellulose acetate is one of the most frequently detected microfiber types in water, sediment, and marine organisms, with higher accumulations in sediment and bottom-dwelling animals. The study suggests that cellulose acetate levels could serve as an indicator of cigarette butt contamination in the environment.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 1 citations
Article Tier 2

A preliminary investigation of associated chemicals in cigarette butt waste from the tourist beach area of North Jakarta, Indonesia

Cigarette butts collected from a tourist beach in North Jakarta were found to contain a complex mixture of aliphatic and aromatic chemicals, despite the beach receiving regular cleaning. Because cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate — a persistent plastic-like material — this study highlights that cigarette butt litter is both a significant form of beach plastic pollution and a chemical contamination source in coastal environments.

2024 BIO Web of Conferences 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Fate of nanoplastics in the environment: Implication of the cigarette butts

This study investigated cigarette butts as an underrecognized source of nanoplastic pollution, finding that cellulose acetate filters can fragment into nanoscale particles that disperse in the environment. Given the enormous volume of cigarette litter worldwide, butts may represent a significant and overlooked nanoplastic pathway.

2020 Environmental Pollution 23 citations
Meta Analysis Tier 1

Global cigarette butt contamination: a review

This review of 130 studies found that cigarette butts are everywhere in our environment—averaging about 1 butt for every 4 square meters globally—and they're especially common on beaches and in water where people swim and fish. These toxic cigarette filters break down into harmful chemicals and microplastics that can contaminate our water and food supply. The good news is that well-protected areas like national parks have nearly 10 times fewer cigarette butts, showing that proper management can reduce this health threat.

2026 Environmental Chemistry Letters
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and toxic leachate from littered cigarette butts threaten the environment, biodiversity, and human well-being

Observation of a butterfly drinking from a littered cigarette butt prompted this review of the environmental and health impacts of cigarette waste, highlighting cigarette filters as a major source of microplastic pollution and calling for sustainable mitigation measures from manufacturers and policymakers.

2024 Microplastics 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Time to kick the butt of the most common litter item in the world: Ban cigarette filters

Researchers argue that cigarette filters, made of cellulose acetate single-use plastic, offer no public health benefit while being the most littered item globally and a significant source of microplastics, toxic chemical leaching, and ecological harm.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 38 citations
Article Tier 2

Review on Recycling of Microplastics in Cigarette Butts

This review examined the problem of cigarette butt waste, noting that cellulose acetate filters take approximately 10 years to degrade and represent a globally pervasive source of microplastic pollution. The authors surveyed recycling approaches for cigarette butts including fiber recovery and use in construction materials.

2022 IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 9 citations