Papers

61,005 results
|
Article Tier 2

AQuantitative Relationshipbetween Settling and Wettabilityfor Weathered Microplastics in Aquatic Systems

Researchers quantified the relationship between surface wettability and settling velocity for weathered microplastics in aquatic systems, demonstrating that wettability-driven changes at the particle-water interface alter drag forces and thus residence time and distribution in the water column.

2025 Figshare
Article Tier 2

A Quantitative Relationship between Settling and Wettability for Weathered Microplastics in Aquatic Systems

This study examined how the wettability — essentially how water-friendly the surface is — of weathered microplastics affects how fast they sink in water. Researchers found that more wettable plastic particles settle faster, and developed a physics-based drag model incorporating this surface property to improve predictions of microplastic movement through water bodies. More accurate models of microplastic settling are essential for predicting where particles accumulate in rivers, lakes, and oceans, and for assessing exposure risks to aquatic life and humans.

2025 Environmental Science & Technology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Biofilm Formation Influences the Wettability and Settling of Microplastics

This study found that biofilm formation on microplastic surfaces does not necessarily increase particle mass density enough to cause sinking, contradicting a common assumption. Instead, changes in particle wettability caused by biofilm were identified as a critical mechanism controlling microplastic vertical transport in the ocean.

2022 Environmental Science & Technology Letters 79 citations
Article Tier 2

An experimental study on microplastic settling velocities in different water environments: Which factors shape the settling process?

Researchers experimentally investigated how biofilm formation and weathering processes affect the settling velocities of microplastics across different water matrices, identifying the key physical and biological factors shaping how particles sink in aquatic environments.

2025 Marine Pollution Bulletin
Article Tier 2

Settling and rising velocities of environmentally weathered micro- and macroplastic particles

Researchers measured settling and rising velocities of environmentally weathered micro- and macroplastic particles collected from rivers, finding that existing predictive formulas developed for virgin pellets, fragments, and foams transferred reasonably well to weathered particles but were less accurate for films and larger macroplastics.

2020 Environmental Research 103 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of size and surface charge on the sedimentation of nanoplastics in freshwater

Researchers investigated how size and surface charge of polystyrene nanoplastics affect their sedimentation behavior in freshwater, finding that both properties significantly influence aggregation dynamics and settling rates, with implications for predicting nanoplastic fate in aquatic environments.

2023 Chemosphere 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Sedimentation behavior of aggregated microplastics: Influence of particle size and water constituents in environmental waters

Laboratory experiments investigated how aggregation of microplastics with sediments and organic matter affects their sinking rates in water, finding that aggregate composition strongly influences settling velocity. These findings improve models predicting whether microplastics sink to the seafloor or remain suspended in the water column.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Coupled CFD-DEM modelling to assess settlement velocity and drag coefficient of microplastics

Researchers used computational fluid dynamics coupled with particle simulations to model how the size, shape, and density of microplastics affect their settling velocity and drag in water. Accurate physical models of microplastic behavior are essential for predicting where particles accumulate in rivers, lakes, and the ocean.

2020 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Impacts of Biofilm Formation on the Fate and Potential Effects of Microplastic in the Aquatic Environment

Researchers reviewed how biofilm formation on microplastic surfaces affects the fate and potential ecological effects of microplastics in aquatic environments, finding that biofilms alter particle buoyancy, surface chemistry, and interactions with organisms.

2017 Environmental Science & Technology Letters 1318 citations
Article Tier 2

A new model for the terminal settling velocity of microplastics

A new empirical model for the terminal settling velocity of microplastics was developed and validated using 1,343 experimental measurements covering a range of particle shapes and materials. The model improves predictions of microplastic sedimentation rates, which are critical for understanding how plastic particles are transported and deposited in water bodies.

2022 Marine Pollution Bulletin 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of Shape and Size on Microplastic Atmospheric Settling Velocity

Researchers measured atmospheric settling and horizontal drift velocities of various microplastic shapes and sizes in controlled settling chambers, providing empirical data needed to improve atmospheric transport models that explain how microplastics reach remote environments.

2023 Environmental Science & Technology 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Sinking rates of microplastics and potential implications of their alteration by physical, biological, and chemical factors

Researchers conducted sinking experiments with diverse microplastic particles and found that sinking velocity depends not only on density and size but also on particle shape, and that biofouling and weathering can substantially alter sinking rates with implications for how microplastics distribute through the water column.

2016 Marine Pollution Bulletin 595 citations
Article Tier 2

Transport dynamics of microplastics from land to sea: the role of particle properties and stream morphology.

Researchers measured how particle properties including size, density, and polymer type interact with stream morphology to determine microplastic transport distances in 15 streams. Both plastic characteristics and stream structure independently influenced how far microplastics travel before settling, with implications for estimating fluxes to the ocean.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Quantifying the impact of biofouling on microplastic transport: a modeling study

Researchers developed a modeling study to quantify how biofouling -- the attachment of microorganisms to microplastic surfaces -- affects microplastic transport in river systems by altering particle size, shape, density, and settling velocity, using quantified data to simulate transport dynamics.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Perspective into bio-fouled microplastic behaviour, transportation and characterization in water bodies

This review examines how biofouling alters the physicochemical properties of microplastics — including density, surface charge, hydrophobicity, and roughness — and how the resulting 'plastisphere' biofilm community reshapes microplastic transport dynamics, vertical flux, and long-term fate in aquatic systems.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials Plastics
Article Tier 2

Integrated effects of polymer type, size and shape on the sinking dynamics of biofouled microplastics

Researchers investigated how polymer type, size, and shape interact with biofouling to influence microplastic sinking dynamics, finding that biofilm growth altered buoyancy and settling rates in ways that depend on the physical characteristics of each particle.

2022 Water Research 82 citations
Article Tier 2

Empirical Shape-Based Estimation of Settling Microplastic Particles Drag Coefficient

This study experimentally measured the settling behavior of flat square microplastic particles in water, finding that shape significantly affects sinking speed and drag compared to spherical particles. Understanding how microplastic shapes influence settling is essential for modeling where plastics accumulate in rivers and ocean sediments.

2023 Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Improved Settling Velocity for Microplastic Fibers: A New Shape-Dependent Drag Model

A new shape-dependent drag model was developed to improve the accuracy of settling velocity predictions for microplastic fibers, addressing a major limitation of existing drag models that significantly underpredict fiber settling in aquatic environments.

2021 Environmental Science & Technology 85 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Aquatic Environments: Aggregation, Deposition, and Enhanced Contaminant Transport

This review examined the aggregation, deposition, and transport of microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments, synthesizing how particle properties and water chemistry govern their fate and mobility in rivers, lakes, and oceans.

2017 Environmental Science & Technology 2491 citations
Article Tier 2

Settling velocity of irregularly shaped microplastics under steady and dynamic flow conditions

The settling velocities of irregularly shaped microplastics were measured under both still water and dynamic flow conditions, finding that shape strongly affected settling speed and that turbulence caused non-spherical particles to orient and settle differently than spheres, with implications for predicting microplastic vertical transport in rivers and coastal waters.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 92 citations
Article Tier 2

Settling Velocity of Microplastics Exposed to Wave Action

Researchers investigated how wave action affects the settling velocity of microplastic debris, finding that hydrodynamic forces from waves alter the transport and deposition behavior of microplastics in marine environments.

2021 Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 35 citations
Article Tier 2

Settling Velocities of Small Microplastic Fragments and Fibers

Researchers precisely measured the settling speeds of over 4,000 small microplastic particles in water and found that existing prediction models designed for larger microplastics do not work well for these tiny fragments and fibers. The settling speed depends on each particle's size, density, and shape, with the smallest particles sinking extremely slowly. Understanding how quickly microplastics settle in water is important because it determines how far they travel and how long they remain available to be consumed by aquatic organisms that humans may eventually eat.

2024 Environmental Science & Technology 63 citations
Article Tier 2

Important Role of Concave Surfaces in Deposition of Colloids under Favorable Conditions as Revealed by Microscale Visualization

Researchers found that concave surface features on sand, glass beads, and soil particles play a critical role in microplastic colloid deposition, with attachment efficiency increasing with flow velocity below a threshold value due to enhanced delivery to sheltered surface pockets.

2022 Environmental Science & Technology 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Three-Dimensional Settling Dynamics of Environmental Microplastics

Researchers measured the three-dimensional settling dynamics of environmental microplastic particles in water, including lateral drift, settling paths, and horizontal velocities—dimensions poorly understood beyond simple vertical settling rates. The findings are essential for developing accurate models of how MPs distribute across river channels and water columns.

2026 Environmental Science & Technology 1 citations