Quality-by-design and current good practices for the production of test and reference materials for micro- and nano-plastic research
Journal of Hazardous Materials2025
3 citations
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Dmitri Ciornii,
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Dmitri Ciornii,
Lukas Wimmer,
Lukas Wimmer,
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Korinna Altmann
Lukas Wimmer,
Korinna Altmann
Raquel Portela,
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Lukas Wimmer,
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Lukas Wimmer,
Manuel Ferrer,
Lukas Wimmer,
Víctor Alcolea-Rodriguez,
Lukas Wimmer,
Raquel Portela,
Petra Fengler,
Manuel Ferrer,
Víctor Alcolea-Rodriguez,
Petra Fengler,
Volker Wachtendorf,
Volker Wachtendorf,
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lukas Wimmer,
Tassilo Waniek,
Dmitri Ciornii,
Korinna Altmann
Dmitri Ciornii,
Lukas Wimmer,
Lukas Wimmer,
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Frank Milczewski,
Víctor Alcolea-Rodriguez,
Víctor Alcolea-Rodriguez,
Korinna Altmann
Korinna Altmann
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Volker Wachtendorf,
Frank Milczewski,
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Kay Matzdorf,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lukas Wimmer,
Lukas Wimmer,
Kay Matzdorf,
Manuel Ferrer,
Raquel Portela,
Víctor Alcolea-Rodriguez,
Manuel Ferrer,
Víctor Alcolea-Rodriguez,
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Korinna Altmann
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Víctor Alcolea-Rodriguez,
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Manuel Ferrer,
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Dmitri Ciornii,
Korinna Altmann
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Dmitri Ciornii,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Raquel Portela,
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Petra Fengler,
Dmitri Ciornii,
Dmitri Ciornii,
Korinna Altmann
Petra Fengler,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Dmitri Ciornii,
Dmitri Ciornii,
Tassilo Waniek,
Tassilo Waniek,
Korinna Altmann
Frank Milczewski,
Manuel Ferrer,
Manuel Ferrer,
Korinna Altmann
Frank Milczewski,
Korinna Altmann
Petra Fengler,
Petra Fengler,
Petra Fengler,
Raquel Portela,
Petra Fengler,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Petra Fengler,
Petra Fengler,
Petra Fengler,
Petra Fengler,
Raquel Portela,
Itziar Otazo-Aseguinolaza,
Itziar Otazo-Aseguinolaza,
Korinna Altmann
Manuel Ferrer,
Raquel Portela,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Korinna Altmann
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Miguel Á. Bañares,
Raquel Portela,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Korinna Altmann
Manuel Ferrer,
Manuel Ferrer,
Manuel Ferrer,
Frank Milczewski,
Frank Milczewski,
Frank Milczewski,
Frank Milczewski,
Frank Milczewski,
Frank Milczewski,
Frank Milczewski,
Frank Milczewski,
Lukas Wimmer,
Lukas Wimmer,
Lukas Wimmer,
Lukas Wimmer,
Lea Ann Dailey,
Volker Wachtendorf,
Petra Fengler,
Petra Fengler,
Korinna Altmann
Summary
Researchers outlined best practices for producing standardized reference materials used in micro- and nanoplastic research, covering both top-down fragmentation and bottom-up precipitation methods. They provided examples using common polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and PET across different size ranges. The study addresses a critical need in the field, since reliable reference materials are essential for validating the analytical methods used to detect and measure plastic pollution.
Understanding the environmental and human health impacts of micro- and nanoplastic pollutants is currently a high priority, stimulating intensive methodological research work in the areas of sampling, sample preparation and detection as well as intensive monitoring and testing. It is challenging to identify and quantify microplastics in complex organic matrices and concepts for nanoplastic detection are still in their infancy. All analytical techniques employed in studying micro- and nanoplastics require suitable reference materials for validation measurements, with requirements as diverse as the analytical tools used, ranging from different polymer types, size distributions and shapes of the material to the concentrations employed in different experimental set ups (ng to g amounts). The aim of this manuscript is to outline current good practices for small-scale laboratory production and characterization of suitable test and reference materials. The focus is placed on top-down fragmentation methods as well as bottom-up precipitation methods. Examples using polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polyethylene terephthalate with size distribution classes of mainly 10-1000, 1-10 and < 1 µm particles will be provided. Experiences and suggestions on how to produce well-characterized micro- and nano-plastics for internal research needs will ensure that studies using the materials have robust and informative outcomes.