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Quantificação e caracterização de microplásticos liberados pela lavagem mecanizada de roupas
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Domestic washing machine effluent released between 26 and 143 microplastic particles per 50 mL sample—equivalent to 100,000 to 558,000 particles per wash cycle—with polyester/PET identified as the dominant polymer via FTIR analysis. This quantifies laundry as a significant microplastic emission pathway into wastewater systems and underscores the urgent need for washing machine filters and improved wastewater treatment to reduce environmental discharge.
A preocupação com a contribuição das lavagens de roupas em ambientes domésticos para a poluição por microplásticos (MPs) nos corpos hídricos motivou este estudo, que quantificou e caracterizou MPs liberados por lavagens domésticas em uma máquina de lavar com capacidade para 14 kg. Três amostras de efluente (A1, A2 e A3) foram coletadas em dias distintos, sob condições usuais de uso (programa “Normal”, nível de água “Extra alto”, sabão líquido e amaciante). Alíquotas de 50 mL de cada amostra foram oxidadas com H₂O₂ a 60 °C, submetidas à separação por densidade com NaCl e filtradas; as partículas foram contadas com a ajuda do estereomicroscópio (20x) e identificadas por FTIR. Encontraram-se 143, 49 e 26 MPs em A1, A2 e A3, respectivamente, equivalentes a 520–2860 MPs L⁻¹ e a 1,01 × 10⁵–5,58 × 10⁵ partículas por lavagem considerando o volume de 195 L. A cor preta foi a mais frequente na amostra com maior teor de tecidos sintéticos, e os espectros gerados pelo FTIR indicaram poliéster/PET como polímero principal. Embora inferiores aos valores de lavanderias industriais, esses números mostram que cada lavagem doméstica de roupas pode lançar centenas de milhares de MPs no sistema de esgoto, salientando a necessidade de: filtros na máquina de lavar para reter MPs; maior eficiência de remoção de MPs nas estações de tratamento de esgotos; substituição de vestimentas fabricadas a partir de materiais sintéticos por materiais naturais; bem como incentivos fiscais para produções têxteis mais sustentáveis.
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