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Single and Combined Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Dibutyl Phthalate on Hybrid Snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂)
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Researchers studied the individual and combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and the chemical plasticizer dibutyl phthalate on a commercially important freshwater fish. The nanoplastics alone inhibited growth and caused liver and intestinal damage, and co-exposure with the plasticizer made these effects worse. The findings suggest that microplastics and the chemicals they carry can have compounding harmful effects on aquatic organisms.
The ecological impact of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems has received growing scientific attention, although research on freshwater species remains limited compared to marine organisms. This study investigates the individual and combined toxicological impacts of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) on hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂), a commercially important freshwater fish. PSNPs inhibited growth, induced hepatic and intestinal lesions, and delayed ovarian development, co-exposure with DBP exacerbated these effects. qPCR analysis revealed significant up-regulation of inflammation-related genes in the liver but inhibitory effects in the intestines, indicating that PSNPs and DBP provoke immune modulation and systemic pro-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, PSNPs and DBP induced oxidative damage in the liver and intestines by affecting antioxidant enzyme activity. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that PSNPs and DBP altered intestinal microbiota composition, particularly reducing Proteobacteria abundance. Correlation analyses indicated negative associations between the abundances of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and antioxidant parameters (SOD and MDA), suggesting microbiota-mediated impacts on host metabolism and physiological health. These findings highlight the ecological threat of microplastics and phthalates in freshwater environments and underscore the need for targeted conservation strategies.
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