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Sources and general status of microplastics in the world's seas and oceans
Original title: Mikro-plastikoen iturriak eta egoera orokorra mundu mailako itsaso eta ozeanoetan
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This Basque-language thesis reviews the sources, distribution, and general status of microplastic pollution in seas and oceans worldwide. The author synthesizes current knowledge on microplastic origins, transport pathways, and accumulation patterns in marine environments.
Azken hamarkada arte ez gara itsas ingurumenean mikroplastikoen (MPen) presentziaz kontziente izan. MPak itsaso eta kostaldeetan metatzen diren eta 5 mm baino tamaina txikiagoko plastiko-partikulak dira; zenbait produktu eta aplikaziotan erabilitako plastikozko material txikiak isurtzearen edo beste objektu handiago batzuen zatikapenaren ondorioz sortzen dira. Beraien arriskuaren benetako zenbaterainokoa ezezaguna da eta mundu osoan zehar jatorria, presentzia eta eraginak ikertzen ari dira. Lan honek MPei buruz munduan zehar egin diren hainbat ikerketa-lan bildu ditu, mundu-mailan itsas konpartimentu ezberdinetan MPei dagokienez aurkitu daitekeen egoera orokorra aurkezteko helburuarekin, mugak eta ezagutze-hutsuneak azpimarratuz. Itsaso-konpartimentu guztietan topatu dira MPak: ur-azalean, sedimentuetan (itsas hondoan, hondartzetan eta kostan, oro har) eta biotan; MP kopuruak nabarmenki aldatzen delarik behatutako konpartimentuaren, neurketa-teknikaren, eremu geografikoaren eta neurketa momentuaren arabera. Ikerketak alderatzeko zailtasunak nabarmentzen dira, erabilitako metodologia ezberdinak direla medio. Hori dela eta, prozedurak bateratzeko premiazko beharra dago. Mundu-mailan gehien ekoizten diren polimero motak izaki, polipropilenoa, polietilenoa eta poliestirenoa dira MPetan gehien azaltzen direnak. Ozeanoetako MPen banaketa eta eraginaren efektuei buruzko informazioa mugatua da oraindik. Horregatik guztiagatik, egindako lana sakondu beharra dago eskala ezberdinetan (lokalean, eskualdean eta mundu mailan): metodologiak adostu, monitorizazio-programak ezarri, iturriak hausnartu, MP sekundarioen degradazio-mekanismoetan sakondu, eta konpartimentuen arteko dinamikak eta ingurumenaren zein giza osasunaren gaineko eraginak aztertu.
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