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Effect of Nanoplastics on Different Biological Systems
Summary
This review examines how nanoplastics affect multiple biological systems — including digestive, reproductive, nervous, and immune systems — synthesizing evidence that nanoplastics cross biological barriers and cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and physiological dysfunction across species.
Objective: This study aims to analyze the effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on different systems of biological organisms, highlighting their potential physiological and toxicological impacts. Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in recent evidence identifying NPs as emerging contaminants capable of crossing biological barriers and disrupting essential physiological functions. Studies indicate that these particles can induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune imbalance, thereby affecting multiple systems, including the digestive, circulatory, nervous, and endocrine systems. Method: A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases, prioritizing publications from 2015 to 2024. Scientific articles and technical reports addressing NP toxicity and mechanisms of action in living organisms were selected. Results and Discussion: The analysis revealed that NPs compromise intestinal integrity, induce hepatic inflammation, alter blood fluidity, cross the blood–brain barrier, and cause hormonal dysregulation. These effects are linked to the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways and the accumulation of NPs in sensitive tissues, suggesting cumulative risks to both health and the environment. Research Implications: The findings emphasize the need for environmental policies aimed at reducing plastic pollution and establishing safe exposure limits. Originality/Value: This study contributes to an integrated understanding of the systemic impacts of nanoplastics, highlighting research gaps and guiding future approaches to mitigate their toxic effects.
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