Article
?
AI-assigned paper type based on the abstract. Classification may not be perfect — flag errors using the feedback button.
Tier 2
?
Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence.
Food & Water
Sign in to save
Polymers of micro(nano) plastic in household tap water of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area
Water Research2022
67 citations
?
Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count.
Score: 45
?
0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Marta Llorca,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marta Llorca,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Cristina M. Villanueva
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Esteban Abad,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Marta Llorca,
Xavier Borrell-Diaz,
Xavier Borrell-Diaz,
Xavier Borrell-Diaz,
Esteban Abad,
Albert Vega-Herrera,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Marinella Farré,
Marta Llorca,
Xavier Borrell-Diaz,
Xavier Borrell-Diaz,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Marinella Farré,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Esteban Abad,
Esteban Abad,
Marinella Farré,
Esteban Abad,
Marta Llorca,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Marinella Farré,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marta Llorca,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Esteban Abad,
Esteban Abad,
Esteban Abad,
Esteban Abad,
Esteban Abad,
Esteban Abad,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Esteban Abad,
Esteban Abad,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Marta Llorca,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Marta Llorca,
Marinella Farré,
Marinella Farré,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Marinella Farré,
Esteban Abad,
Marinella Farré,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Marinella Farré,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Marinella Farré,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Paula E. Redondo‐Hasselerharm,
Cristina M. Villanueva
Summary
Researchers developed a workflow using toluene extraction and advanced polymer chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify and quantify micro and nanoplastic polymers between 0.7 and 20 micrometers in tap water. Applying the method to samples from 42 postal codes in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area detected polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisoprene, and polybutadiene in drinking water.
Microplastics (MPLs) are emerging persistent pollutants affecting drinking water systems, and different studies have reported their presence in tap water. However, most of the work has a focus on particles in the 100-5 µm range. Here, a workflow to identify and quantify polymers of micro and nanoplastics (MNPLs), with sizes from 0.7 to 20 µm in tap water, is presented. The analytical method consisted of water fractionated filtration followed by toluene ultrasonic-assisted extraction and size-exclusion chromatography, using an advanced polymer chromatography column coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization source with negative and positive ionization conditions (HPLC(APC)-APPI(±)-HRMS) and normal phase chromatography HILIC LUNA® column and electrospray ionisation source in positive and negative mode (HPLC(HILIC)-ESI(±)-HRMS). The acquisition was performed in full scan mode, and the subsequent tentative identification of MNPLs polymers has been based on increasing the confirmation level, including the characterisation of monomers by using Kendrick Mass Defect (KMD) analysis, and confirmation and quantification using standards. This approach was applied to assess MNPLs in tap water samples of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (BMA), that were collected from August to October 2020 from home taps of volunteers distributed in the 42 postal codes of the BMA. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyisoprene (PI), polybutadiene (PBD), polystyrene (PS), polyamide (PA), and polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) were identified. PE, PP, and PA were the most highly detected polymers, and PI and PBD were found at the highest concentrations (9,143 and 1,897 ng/L, respectively). A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess differences in MNPLs occurrence in drinking water, that was provided from the two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) suppliers. Results showed that no significant differences (at 95% confidence level) were established between the drinking water supplies to the different areas of the BMA.