Microplastic and antibiotic proliferated the colonization of specific bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in the phycosphere of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Despite that the phycosphere was an important niche for the proliferation of various bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the factors that affect the colonization of bacteria and ARGs in the phycosphere are still poorly understood. In this study, sterile C. pyrenoidosa co-cultured with bacteria from different sources and provided with polylactic acid microplastic (PLA MPs) and florfenicol (FF) was examined. Results showed that bacteria promoted the growth of C. pyrenoidosa and increased its chlorophyll contents. PLA MPs and FF also showed positive effects on C. pyrenoidosa due to the "Hormesis effect". The occurrence of bacteria in the phycosphere was significantly affected by their sources and the addition of PLA MPs and FF. However, the core microbiota of the phycosphere in each group was similar. Additionally, PLA MPs and FF proliferated the abundance of phenicol-related ARGs (especially floR) and mobile genetic elements in the phycosphere. Notably, PLA MPs and FF enhanced the abundance of Flavobacterium, a potential host of ARGs. Our results highlighted the important roles of bacteria in microalgae and demonstrated exogenous pollutants could promote the spread of ARGs between surrounding environments and the phycosphere, which provide new insights into the occurrence and spread of ARGs in the phycosphere.