Microplastics enhance nitrogen loss from a black paddy soil by shifting nitrate reduction from DNRA to denitrification and Anammox

Microplastics (MPs) are frequently detected emerging pollutants in soil that can endanger farmland ecosystems; however, little is known about their impacts on dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes in paddy soil. Here, using the N-tracer and microbial molecular techniques, we investigated the effects of MPs (200-400 μm) made of polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyethylene (PE) on denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox), and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and the associated microbial community in a black paddy soil. All MPs increased the Anammox rate by 6.6 %-745 % and decreased the DNRA rate by 15.1 %-74.2 %, while MPs of PS and PE significantly increased the denitrification rate by 79.3 %-102.3 % and 34.8 %-62.1 %, respectively. The MPs promoted the partitioning of NO towards denitrification and Anammox while inhibiting DNRA, as suggested by the decreased relative contributions of DNRA from 24.1 % to 5.4 %-14.2 % following MPs amendment. This was attributed to the increased denitrification gene abundance and the enriched specific denitrifier taxa, as well as the decreased DNRA gene abundance. Our findings suggest that the stimulated denitrification and Anammox by MPs, accompanied by the suppression of DNRA, may lead to substantial nitrogen loss in paddy fields, underscoring the need to further evaluate the environmental behaviors of MPs in agricultural ecosystems.