Delving Deep into the Microplastics Crisis in the Indian Aquatic Environment

Microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems is a rapidly growing environmental concern, with significant implications for both marine biodiversity and human health. The proliferation of microplastics, originating from the breakdown of larger plastic debris, has been observed in diverse aquatic environments worldwide, including India’s rivers, lakes, and coastal regions. India, with its expansive coastline and dense population, faces heightened challenges from microplastic pollution due to widespread industrial activities, tourism, and improper waste management. This chapter examines the composition, sources, distribution, and ecological impacts of microplastics, particularly within Indian aquatic ecosystems. The research highlights that polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene are the most prevalent microplastic materials along Indian coastlines, while river systems such as the Ganges contribute significantly to microplastic transport to the oceans. The impacts of microplastics on marine organisms, including bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and their role as vectors for harmful pollutants, emphasize the need for urgent intervention. The chapter also explores policy measures like the Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2021 and recommends a multi-pronged approach involving regulatory actions, public awareness campaigns, and technological advancements to mitigate plastic pollution. By addressing knowledge gaps and enhancing mitigation strategies, this chapter aims to contribute to the broader efforts of combating microplastic pollution in India’s aquatic ecosystems.