Deciphering Anammox Response Characteristics and Potential Mechanisms to Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastic Exposure

Physiological Alterations and Immune Modulation in Fish Exposed to Microplastics

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Researchers reviewed the physiological and immunological effects of microplastic exposure in fish, finding that these particles smaller than 5 mm induce a range of biological disruptions including immune modulation, oxidative stress, and systemic health impacts with broader implications for aquatic ecosystem integrity.

Molecular mechanisms of microplastics toxicity

Ecotoxicity of Microplastic Pollutants to Marine Organisms: a Systematic Review

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Researchers conducted a systematic quantitative literature review of microplastic ecotoxicity in marine organisms, finding that polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene particles (1–100 µm) are most commonly ingested and cause mortality, reproductive impairment, genotoxicity, and behavioral effects across a wide range of species.

Marine Microplastics: Abundance, Ecotoxic Consequences of Associated Anthropogenic Contaminants and Interactions with Microorganisms

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Researchers reviewed the rapid growth of microplastic pollution in the ocean, highlighting how these particles accumulate toxic chemicals and interact with microorganisms in ways that amplify their ecological harm. As plastic production continues to rise, the marine food web faces increasing exposure to contaminated microplastics that can ultimately reach humans through seafood.

Ecotoxicological Consequences of Microplastics in Aquatic Life

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Researchers reviewed how microplastics — tiny plastic particles under 5mm — harm aquatic ecosystems, documenting that fish, invertebrates, and other marine life can ingest them, leading to physical damage, toxic chemical exposure, and disruptions to feeding and reproduction.