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Article ? AI-assigned paper type based on the abstract. Classification may not be perfect — flag errors using the feedback button. Tier 2 ? Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence. Marine & Wildlife Sign in to save

Physiological Alterations and Immune Modulation in Fish Exposed to Microplastics

2026
Aurooj Khursheed, Noreen Showkat, Irfan Reyaz Sheikh, Barik Qayoom, Syed Shariq N. Qadiri, S. R. Dar, Fawad Ali Shah

Summary

Researchers reviewed the physiological and immunological effects of microplastic exposure in fish, finding that these particles smaller than 5 mm induce a range of biological disruptions including immune modulation, oxidative stress, and systemic health impacts with broader implications for aquatic ecosystem integrity.

Body Systems
Immune

In aquatic environments, microplastics, defined as polymeric particles smaller than 5 mm, have become persistent and biologically active contaminants that have a variety of effects on fish physiology, immunology, and general health. The health of fish and the...

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