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Mitigación mediante bacterias, hongos y organismos superiores de los impactos ambientales ocasionados por microplásticos en ecosistemas acuáticos
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This review examines bioremediation strategies for removing microplastics from aquatic ecosystems, analyzing how bacteria, fungi, and higher organisms can degrade fossil-derived, non-biodegradable plastic particles, and summarizing recent advances in using living organisms to mitigate the growing environmental impact of microplastic pollution in water bodies.
Debido a su durabilidad, versatilidad y bajo coste, los productos plásticos resultan fundamentales en la sociedad actual; sin embargo, estas mismas propiedades, responsables de su gran popularidad, también convierten a estos materiales en una amenaza medioambiental, provocando serios problemas entre los que destaca la liberación de microplásticos (MPs). Los MPs, definidos como partículas poliméricas con un tamaño inferior a 5 mm, son muy diversos en cuanto a composición, tamaño y forma, siendo capaces además de transportar sobre su superficie otros contaminantes y microorganismos, lo que incrementa los potenciales efectos adversos de estas micropartículas. Aunque los MPs se encuentran de manera ubicua en todo el planeta, su presencia es notoria en los ecosistemas acuáticos, especialmente los marinos, ya que las masas de agua naturales reciben la gran mayoría de los plásticos vertidos al medioambiente. Recientemente, la biorremediación ha sido propuesta como una interesante alternativa para luchar contra la creciente problemática derivada de la contaminación plástica; por ello, el objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica es analizar las posibles vías de eliminación de los MPs de origen fósil y no biodegradables en entornos acuáticos, mediante bacterias, hongos y organismos superiores, recopilando los últimos avances en este campo.
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