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Microplastic's Contamination in the Hemolymph and Organs (Gills and Hepatopancreas) of Perna viridis
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Microplastics were detected in the hemolymph (blood), gills, and hepatopancreas (liver equivalent) of green mussels collected from two sites in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, a species widely eaten by local communities. Finding microplastics in both the circulatory fluid and internal organs — not just the digestive tract — indicates systemic distribution within the animal's body, which increases the likelihood that consumers are ingesting plastic particles when eating these mussels.
The issue of microplastics (MPs) has emerged as a significant concern globally, with discussions surrounding the potential environmental impact of these tiny plastic particles becoming increasingly prevalent. This study aimed to identify the concentration and characteristics of MPs in hemolymph and organs (gills and hepatopancreas) of green mussels (Perna viridis) that are frequently consumed by people in Pangkajene Kepulauan, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Green mussels were collected from two different sampling sites for comparison. Screening was carried out on dispensed hemolymph and dissected organs to identify the characteristics of MPs. Surface seawater sampling was added as information on MP's characteristics from the mussel habitat. Visual observation of MP's characteristics using a stereomicroscope in laminar flow is to prevent contamination. The identification of MP's polymer type is using FTIR-ATR. The results showed that hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills, and surface water were concentrated with MPs. Small (2-3.9 cm) green mussels accumulated more MPs than medium (4-5.9 cm) and large (> 6 cm). MPs characteristics of fiber shape, transparent color, and size 0.1-0.5 mm were dominant in all samples. A total of seven polymers of MPs were identified with polyethylene and polystyrene types most frequently found from all samples. Based on this study, green mussels are good for biomonitoring of MPs.
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Analysis location of microplastics in green mussel’s Perna viridis Gills (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Researchers identified the location, type, and size range of microplastics found in the gill tissues of green mussels collected from Kamal Muara in North Jakarta, Indonesia. The detection of microplastics specifically within gill tissue suggests that these particles penetrate beyond the digestive system and may cause direct tissue-level harm in filter-feeding molluscs.
Identification of Microplastics in the Hepatopancreas of Green Mussels (Perna viridis) in Gunung Jati Waters, Cirebon, West Java
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Researchers found microplastics accumulating in the hepatopancreas of green mussels (Perna viridis) at two sites in Cirebon, Indonesia, with smaller mussels retaining up to five times more particles per gram than larger ones and fibers dominating at 95–100% of particles, pointing to these bivalves as reliable pollution bioindicators.
Kontaminasi Mikroplastik pada Perna viridis di Teluk Lampung
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Researchers found microplastic contamination in green mussels (Perna viridis) from Lampung Bay, Indonesia, with mean whole-tissue abundance of 0.53 particles/g, gill organs containing significantly more microplastics than digestive organs, and fiber fragments under 100 µm being the most common type.
Microplastics contamination in green mussels Perna viridis in Pangkajene Kepulauan Waters, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Microplastics in the form of fibers and fragments were found in green mussels (Perna viridis) from Pangkajene Kepulauan Waters, South Sulawesi, with over 71% of sampled individuals containing microplastics and smaller mussels showing the highest exposure frequency.
Microplastics Contamination in the Kalirejo Coastal Area, East Java, Indonesia and their Presence in Green Mussels (Perna viridis)
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Researchers surveyed the waters and green mussels along the Kalirejo coast in East Java, Indonesia, and found microplastics in all samples, with higher concentrations at shallower depths. Polyethylene fragments were the most common type, and there was a strong correlation between microplastic levels in the water and in mussel tissues, indicating the animals absorb plastics directly from their environment. The findings raise concerns about both ecological impacts and potential health risks from consuming contaminated shellfish in this major mussel farming region.
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