Toxic Effects of Xenobiotics on Gut Microbiome and Host Health: A Mini-Review

Each individual has a unique gut microbiota profile that performs many specific functions like nutrient metabolism, conservation of structural integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, as well as protection against opportunistic pathogens. Recent research has confirmed a profound relationship between gut microbiome and our health. Understanding the reason for gut microbiota imbalances and their impact on health can help in maintaining a healthy life as well as in developing modern therapies. In this regard, the impact of external synthetic chemicals on the gut microbial wellness as well as host health is a topic of growing interest. In this article, the potential effects of xenobiotics, such as heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, air pollutants, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, nanomaterials, microplastics and food adulterants on gut microbiota have been discussed. Overall study revealed that xenobiotics have a direct impact on gut microbial diversity, composition and metabolism. More and more understanding of the relationship between xenobiotics and gut microbes will help in the development of new methodologies of personalised treatments for illnesses caused by xenobiotics. Major/Key Findings: 1. Relationship between gut microbiome and host health. 2. Gut microbiota imbalances. 3. Potential effects of xenobiotics on gut microbiota.