Resource or waste? A perspective of plastics degradation in soil with a focus on end-of-life options. One step beyond

Plastics have surpassed traditional materials across numerous industries due to their versatility, durability, and cost-effectiveness. However, their persistence in ecosystems, particularly in soil, presents serious environmental challenges. This narrative review builds on previous work by analysing over 300 studies on plastics in soil, with a focus on degradation and potential reuse. Special attention is given to research published since 2019. The review classifies plastics by resin type and examines their degradation processes under various soil conditions, covering both conventional and biodegradable polymers. Polyethylene emerges as the most extensively studied polymer, while interest in biodegradable alternatives like polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) is increasing. Additionally, the review highlights advancements in microplastics research, particularly their interactions with co-contaminants and effects on soil organisms. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in standardizing methods for measuring plastic degradation in soil. The review emphasizes the need for further research to establish consistent methods and reliable indicators for degradation, while also exploring innovative recycling technologies for use in agricultural soil management. It stresses the importance of advancing a circular economy for plastics, integrating policy and practical solutions to reduce environmental impacts.