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Combined effect of polystyrene nanoparticles and chlorpyrifos to Daphnia magna
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This study examined the combined effects of polystyrene nanoparticles and chlorpyrifos pesticide on Daphnia magna, a standard aquatic toxicity test organism. The two contaminants together caused greater mortality and reproductive impairment than either alone, suggesting synergistic toxicity.
Microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs/NPs) are emerging contaminants ubiquitous in the environment. These particles can act as carriers of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs), such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus insecticide. This study investigates the acute toxicity of CPF combined with model polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) using Daphnia magna as a model organism. The uptake and accumulation of luminescence-labelled 240 nm PS-NPs were visualized and quantified during co-exposure tests. Heart rates were measured using a video-based method, and IC values for heart rate were calculated to assess the acute toxicity of CPF. The results demonstrate that PS-NPs alone have no acute toxicity, while CPF exhibits high toxicity, with an IC of 50.8 μg/L. However, in the presence of 50 μg/L PS-NPs, the IC increased to approximately 400 μg/L, indicating an antagonistic effect of PS-NPs on CPF toxicity. The adsorption of CPF onto PS-NPs can reduce the concentration of free CPF, leading to aggregation and sedimentation of CPF-PS-NP clusters, thereby decreasing the uptake of CPF by D. magna. This interaction between CPF and PS-NPs in D. magna exemplifies the toxicity-attenuating effects and potential load capacity of nanoplastics for HOCs.
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Combined Toxicity of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Pyriproxyfen to Daphnia magna
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Researchers evaluated the combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and the insecticide pyriproxyfen on the water flea Daphnia magna under both acute and chronic exposure conditions. They found that nanoplastics initially reduced the acute toxicity of the pesticide within 24 hours but worsened chronic effects over longer periods. The study suggests that nanoplastics can alter how other environmental contaminants affect aquatic organisms, complicating risk assessments.
Individual and combined multigenerational effects induced by polystyrene nanoplastic and glyphosate in Daphnia magna (Strauss, 1820)
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Researchers investigated the individual and combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and the herbicide glyphosate on the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna across multiple generations. They found synergistic toxicity when the two contaminants were combined, increasing immobility and reactive oxygen species production. Notably, parental exposure to the mixture caused reproductive effects that persisted into subsequent generations even without continued exposure.
Individual and combined toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and clothianidin toward Daphnia magna, Lemna minor, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Microcystis aeruginosa
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Scientists tested polystyrene nanoplastics and a common insecticide (clothianidin) both alone and together on four different freshwater organisms. Surprisingly, the combined exposure was generally less toxic than predicted, showing antagonistic interactions where the two pollutants partially canceled out each other's effects. However, the nanoplastics alone still caused long-lasting harm to water flea reproduction that carried over to offspring born after exposure ended, suggesting nanoplastics can have multi-generational effects.
Toxicity Evaluation of Microplastics Exposure in Water Contaminated with Pyrene and Methyl Chlorpyrifos Using Daphnia magna
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Scientists tested how two microplastic types, combined with two common water pollutants, affected small water fleas (Daphnia magna) in lab experiments. The pollutants stuck to the microplastics, and exposure to both together increased harm, including reduced survival and reproduction, especially when one plastic type carried the adsorbed pollutants.
Joint toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles and organochlorine pesticides (chlordane and hexachlorocyclohexane) on Caenorhabditis elegans
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Joint exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics and organochlorine pesticides (chlordane and HCH) in the roundworm C. elegans caused greater toxicity than either pollutant alone, suggesting synergistic interactions. These findings highlight the importance of studying combined pollutant effects rather than individual chemicals in isolation.
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