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NO-mediated DNA damage induced by polystyrene nanoparticles triggers program cell death in mesenchymal stem cells
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Polystyrene nanoparticles (40 nm and 200 nm) induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in human mesenchymal stem cells via nitric oxide-mediated DNA damage, triggering programmed cell death at environmentally relevant doses—raising concern about nanoplastic impacts on stem cell biology.
Daily contact with considerable amounts of polystyrene nanoparticles (PSNPs) may cause harmful effects on the living organisms, through mechanisms that are not fully understood. The study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PSNPs (size 200 nm and 40 nm) in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In order to estimate cellular uptake and retention of nanoplastics, PSNP-treated cells have been analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. For assessing morphology and viability of MSCs after PSNP treatment at two environmentally relevant doses (0.47 and 4.7 μl/ml) for 24 hours, HE and Giemsa staining were performed. Annexin V‑FITC/PI assay was used to quantify PSNPs-mediated cell death. Genotoxicity of PSNPs was evaluated by Comet test. The capacity of PSNPs to trigger the production of free radicals in MSCs was also evaluated. TEM confirmed endocytosis of PSNPs. Decreased cell volume, nuclear hyperchromatism, edge aggregation, and formation of densely stained apoptotic bodies, indicated that PSNP-treated MSCs undergo apoptosis. The presented data showed that both concentration of PS particles significantly increased early apoptotic cell death in comparison to untreated cells. Moreover, both doses of PSNPs significantly increased the genetic damage index in MSCs in dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, PSNPs penetrate, accumulate and induce cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in MSCs.
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Researchers exposed human HeLa cells to polystyrene nanoplastics — particles smaller than 100 nm — and found that even short exposures at low concentrations caused DNA damage, abnormal cell division, and signs of cell death including apoptosis and necrosis. The results suggest nanoplastics can directly damage human cell DNA, raising concerns about the health implications of everyday nanoplastic exposure.
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Human white blood cells were exposed ex vivo to polystyrene nanoplastics and showed DNA strand breaks, chromosomal damage, and changes in immune cell activation markers, suggesting that nanoplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations could cause genotoxic and immunomodulatory effects in people.
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Researchers exposed three human immune cell lines (B-lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, and monocytes) to 50 nm polystyrene nanoparticles and found cell-type-specific responses — monocytes internalized the most particles but showed no harm, while B-lymphocytes and lymphoblasts displayed oxidative stress and DNA damage despite lower uptake.
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