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Environmental Degradation due to Synthetic Fibres

2026
V. Indira, C. Surej Rajan, Shana Shaji, Soney C. George

Summary

This review chapter examines how synthetic textile fibres—nylon, polyester, rayon, and acrylic—contribute to microplastic pollution through their entire lifecycle, from manufacturing to washing. Because these fibres shed millions of microfibre particles into waterways with every laundry cycle and persist indefinitely in the environment, the global textile industry is identified as a major, ongoing source of plastic contamination.

Polymers

Synthetic fibres like nylon, polyester, rayon, and acrylic are made from petroleum-based products. They are widely used in the textile industry because they can withstand the harsh detergents, don't shrink, and are of low cost. However, they are non-biodegradable and difficult to recycle. The environmental impact of the manufacturing and application of synthetic fibres such as nylon and polyester is reviewed in this chapter. Synthetic fibres are the main source of microplastic pollution. It releases microfibres during production, processing, and use. Nylon, a synthetic polyamide, emits nitrous oxide during manufacturing, contributing to global warming. In addition to this, nylon contaminates water during the colouring process and remains in the environment forever. Polyester, the most popular fabric used for clothing worldwide, is made from fossil fuels, water, and air. It takes centuries to biodegrade, but it disintegrates into microfibres before that. Washing machines release these microfibres into rivers and land, contributing to microplastic pollution. Recent studies show that metric tonnes of synthetic microfibres are released annually. The impact of rayon and acrylic production and application is also reviewed in this chapter.

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