A critical review on environmental pollution caused by the textile industry

Environmental pollution is one of the most critical challenges facing modern society, and the textile industry is a significant contributor to this problem. As global demand for textiles rises, so does the environmental toll of textile production. This study explores the various ways in which the textile industry contributes to pollution and endangers both ecosystems and human health. A major source of pollution is the industry’s high energy consumption, often fueled by coal, oil, and natural gas. The burning of these fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases and other harmful emissions, contributing to air pollution, climate change, acid rain, and ozone depletion. Another major issue is the use of toxic chemicals and dyes in textile processing. Improperly treated wastewater from dyeing and finishing processes is frequently discharged into rivers, contaminating water sources, harming aquatic life, and threatening human health. Synthetic fibers like polyester, nylon, and acrylic also pose serious environmental risks. These non-biodegradable materials release microplastics during washing, which enter water systems, harm marine animals, and may even enter the human food chain. In addition, the industry generates significant solid waste, much of which ends up in landfills and releases toxic substances as it degrades. Human health is also directly impacted, particularly for those living near or working in textile facilities, who may suffer from respiratory diseases, skin disorders, and even life-threatening illnesses due to prolonged exposure to pollutants. In conclusion, addressing textile pollution requires stricter environmental regulations, sustainable production practices, better waste management, and increased awareness. Without urgent action, the negative impacts will continue to escalate.