Ecotoxicological impacts of Microplastic (MP) Pollution in Fish

Microplastic (MP) pollution has become a major environmental concern, mainly in aquatic ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate the bioaccumulation, physiological impacts, and ecological risks of microplastic exposure in fish by synthesizing recent scientific findings. The objectives include assessing the effects of microplastics on fish health, identifying tissue distribution patterns, and examining immune, reproductive, and behavioral disruptions. This study synthesizes secondary data to outline effective strategies for mitigating microplastic (MP) pollution in aquatic ecosystems, highlighting source reduction, advanced wastewater treatment, and sustainable aquaculture. It highlights the harmful impacts of MPs on fish, including oxidative stress, tissue damage, and reproductive impairments, particularly in females, alongside their role in spreading antibiotic resistance genes and chemical contaminants. The study advocates for public awareness, stringent policies, standardized toxicity assessments, and bioremediation research. The study also highlights the frightening consequences of microplastic exposure, including transgenerational effects, metabolic disruptions, and behavioral alterations in fish. The findings highlight the need for strong mitigation strategies, such as improved wastewater treatment, biodegradable plastic alternatives, and stricter regulatory policies. Future research should focus on long-term ecological impacts, species-specific vulnerabilities, and the development of standardized testing protocols. Enhancing public awareness and promoting sustainable plastic management practices are vital to limit microplastic contamination and protect aquatic biodiversity.