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Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater Treatment Plants by Coagulation

Sustainability 2026
Chaoqi Chen, Chaoyue Li, Zixuan Xin, Chang Cui, Guihua Xu

Summary

Researchers tested coagulation-based methods for removing microplastics from wastewater using polyaluminum chloride and polyferric sulfate, with and without polyacrylamide additives. The best results came from combining polyaluminum chloride with cationic polyacrylamide, which achieved 87.5% removal of polystyrene microplastics. The study suggests that cationic polyacrylamide works especially well because of electrostatic interactions with negatively charged microplastic particles.

Polymers
Study Type Environmental

Wastewater treatment plants represent an important point source of microplastics (MPs) entering aquatic environments, raising increasing concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and potential risks to human health. Improving the removal efficiency of MPs during wastewater treatment is therefore of both environmental and technological significance. Polyaluminum chloride (PAC), polyferric sulfate (PFS), and polyacrylamide (PAM) were applied to remove MPs by coagulation, with particular emphasis on the effects of PAM type (cationic, anionic, and non-ionic). The optimal removal efficiency achieved by PAC alone for polystyrene was 55.00 ± 3.54% at a dosage of 300 mg L−1, which increased significantly to 87.50 ± 1.87% with the addition of cationic PAM. Similarly, MPs removal by PFS increased from 33.75 ± 1.77% at 160 mg L−1 to 62.50 ± 3.53% when combined with cationic PAM. Overall, PAC-based coagulation exhibited higher MPs removal efficiency than PFS, and cationic PAM outperformed anionic and non-ionic PAM, likely attributable to electrostatic interactions with negatively charged MPs in wastewater systems. In addition, PAC/PAM coagulation enabled effective removal of multiple MPs types while simultaneously enhancing phosphate removal, highlighting its potential for the integrated control of MPs and phosphate pollution in wastewater systems.

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