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From ingestion to transformation: in vitro evidence of nanoplastic alterations by biological fluids

Food Chemistry 2026
Davide Lanzoni, Gabriella F. Schirinzi, Sabrina Gioria, Dóra Méhn, Raquel F.S. Gonçalves, Ana C. Pinheiro, António A. Vicente, Marisa Sárria Pereira de Passos, Carlotta Giromini

Summary

When tiny plastic particles (nanoplastics) are exposed to simulated stomach and gut fluids, scientists found they don't stay the same, they clump together and get coated with digestive proteins, changing their size and surface properties. This matters because these transformations could affect whether the particles pass through your gut lining into your body, but more research is needed to know exactly how this impacts health risks.

Polymers
Body Systems
Models
Study Type In vitro

The presence of nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment raises concerns about human exposure, mainly through ingestion. However, little is known about their physicochemical transformations during digestion. This study investigated the behaviour of polystyrene (PS) NPs (350 nm, 500 nm, and a 1:1 mixture) during in vitro digestion. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential measurements, and single-particle extinction and scattering (SPES) were used to evaluate changes in particle size, surface charge, and number concentration. Protein corona formation was analysed by high-resolution automated electrophoresis. Digestive conditions significantly affected NPs colloidal stability, particularly during the gastric phase, promoting aggregation and changes in particle size distribution. NPs rapidly acquired a dynamic protein corona mainly composed of digestive enzymes, with composition varying across digestive compartments. These findings demonstrate that gastrointestinal digestion alters NP physicochemical properties. Further studies are needed to determine how these transformations influence intestinal uptake, barrier translocation, bioavailability, and ultimately their potential toxicological impact.

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