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Cellular uptake of PET nanoplastics in brittle stars: impairment of arm regeneration and behavioural traits
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Scientists found that tiny plastic particles from PET (the plastic used in water bottles) can get absorbed into the bodies of brittle stars—small marine creatures related to starfish—actually entering their cells, not just staying in their gut. At high exposure levels, this caused problems like slower movement, trouble righting themselves, and impaired ability to regrow lost limbs. While this study was done in marine animals, it adds to growing evidence that nanoplastics can cross biological barriers and get inside cells, which is exactly the kind of mechanism scientists are trying to understand when studying how plastic pollution might affect human health too
Nanoplastics are emerging contaminants of increasing concern in marine ecosystems, yet their in vivo biodistribution and biological effects in benthic organisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide an integrated, multi-level assessment of the uptake, translocation, and biological effects of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics (PET-NPs) in the brittle star Ophiactis virens, an ecologically relevant benthic invertebrate with high regenerative capacity. Individuals were exposed for 14 days to environmentally relevant (0.05 and 0.5 mg/L) and worst-case (5 mg/L) concentrations of PET-NPs. A multidisciplinary approach combining confocal and electron microscopy, behavioural assays, regeneration analysis, and biochemical biomarkers was applied. Imaging analyses revealed a dose-dependent accumulation of PET-NPs on the body surface and within the vestibulum and digestive systems, demonstrating particle ingestion. Notably, PET-NPs were detected also within internal tissues and intracellular vesicles, providing in vivo evidence of translocation across epithelial barriers and cellular internalization. At the organismal level, the highest tested concentration resulted in increased mortality, impaired righting behaviour and reduced arm regeneration. The latter was significantly reduced also at 0.5 mg/L, dose at which a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was observed as well. This suggests a partial, although dose-independent, modulation of antioxidant homeostasis which however is not accompanied by a clear oxidative damage. Overall, this study provides one of the first integrated in vivo demonstrations of nanoplastic translocation from external exposure to intracellular compartments in a burrowing echinoderm, linking biodistribution to functional impairment. The observed effects on behaviour and arm regeneration highlight the potential ecological consequences of PET-NP exposure for benthic organisms, particularly for species whose fitness depends on locomotor performance and regenerative capacity. These findings underscore the ecological risks associated with PET-NP accumulation in sediment-associated fauna and identify arm regeneration as a sensitive ecotoxicological endpoint for nanoplastic risk assessment.
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Nanoparticle-Biological Interactions in a Marine Benthic Foraminifer
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Researchers exposed single-celled marine organisms called foraminifera to three types of engineered nanoparticles — including polystyrene nanoplastics — and found that all three accumulated inside the cells and triggered oxidative stress (a form of cellular damage). This study shows that even microscopic seafloor organisms are vulnerable to nanoplastic pollution, expanding the known range of species harmed by plastic contamination.
Impact of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics (PET) on fibroblasts: a study on NIH-3T3 cells
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Researchers exposed mouse fibroblast cells (important for wound healing and tissue repair) to PET nanoplastics made through a process that mimics real-world plastic breakdown. The nanoplastics entered the cells and significantly impaired their ability to migrate and close wounds, even at concentrations that caused only mild reductions in cell survival. This suggests that nanoplastic exposure could interfere with the body's ability to heal wounds and repair damaged tissue.
Fate of Nanoplastics in Marine Larvae: A Case Study Using Barnacles, Amphibalanus amphitrite
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Researchers tracked the fate of nanoplastics in barnacle larvae, finding that these tiny particles were ingested and could accumulate in larval tissues, with potential implications for early development and survival of marine invertebrates.
Effects of true-to-life PET nanoplastics using primary human nasal epithelial cells
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Researchers exposed human nasal cells to nanoplastics made from real PET water bottles and found that the particles were absorbed into cells and triggered oxidative stress. The nanoplastics also disrupted mitochondrial function and activated the cell's autophagy cleanup pathway. Since the nose is the first barrier encountered when breathing in airborne plastic particles, these findings suggest that nasal tissues may be particularly vulnerable to nanoplastic exposure.
Exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics induced physiological and behavioral effects on the brittle star Ophiactis virens
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Researchers exposed the brittle star Ophiactis virens to polystyrene nanoplastics at various concentrations and observed effects on behavior, arm regeneration, and oxidative stress. The study found that nanoplastic exposure induced measurable physiological and behavioral changes, adding to evidence that nanoplastic contamination can affect marine invertebrates.
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